Question:
Discuss about the Determinants of Sustainability Reporting.
The report talks about the energy sustainability and water sustainability in Australia and China. It explains the government regulations, technological innovation, NGO and private sectors and exemplar projects of Australia and China.
Water sustainability defines as a supplying and being supplying with water for human life. In water sustainability, clean and pure water uses for human and other living things. Further, energy sustainability is the effective provision to meet the needs of the current and present without compromising the potential and ability of future generations to meet the requirements, needs, and expectations (Watson, Boudreau & Chen, 2010).
The government regulations of Australia regarding energy sustainability have been discussed below.
Australia adopts the advancements of the technology faster than any other country. The technological innovation of the country has helped various companies in expanding their business. The use of technologies has also improved the quality of goods supplied by them. The use of technology has given an innovative approach in the business functioning. The scientific research of the company has led to the advancements. Australia has the largest government agency which looks after the sustainability of energy. It is responsible for taking care of the amount of energy used by the country every year. Several opportunities relating to energy sustainability is offered to the youths and professionals (Schaltegger &Wagner, 2011).
The benefits of adopting technology in China are shown a vast development. It is also seen that to compete with the other companies it has developed its technological system by adopting modern agriculture. The growing of country with the use of technology has improved the conditions of the people and their sustainable development. It has safeguarded the national security. The innovations regarding energy transform the demand of supply. This balances the energy and economy. These innovations also show their influence on the issues of cost, finance, environment, etc (Faunce et al, 2013).
Non-government organizations (NGOs) play a vital and long role in the energy sustainability. The programs conducted by the NGO’s builds the link between the technological and social realm. These NGOs has provided the supply of energy to those areas where it is unreachable. They work on the utilities and needs of the country. This ensures longer sustainability of the energy provided. The energy systems of Australia are quite affordable and within the reach of people. This is done with the help of private sectors. The working of the private sectors is secured and reliable. This develops a sense of trust of the consumers towards the company for supplying the energy (Bengtsson & Ågerfalk, 2011).
The private sector of China has shown a great impact on the energy sustainability of the country. It focuses on the overall growth of the society. The main focus of this sector is towards strengthening the demands made by the public in relation to energy supply, maintaining a record of finance made towards this sustainability. The private sector has given access to energy equal to the poorest. The NGOs working in China works for the society. It allows the use of energy to those areas which are backward and finds difficult to attain those facilities. The goal of such organizations is to promote mankind by providing energy. They are formed to practice sustainability development in the areas which are underdeveloped (Faunce et al, 2013).
The exemplar projects of energy efficiency in Australia define the use of fewer vehicles by the people. This also states the government regulation which neglects the use of such model in case of wasting the resources.
While the policies made by the china are the best practices which are followed under energy sustainability.
It had been difficult for Australia to supply water to the country. The government of Australia has set national leadership policy and legislative reform for all the people of Australia. This has made easy for the country in satisfying the growing demand for water. Australia has now become a top most country in water resource management. There are various policies and acts set by the government such as National Water Initiative which aims at making use of best practices in managing the water resources (Pittock & Finlayson, 2011).
The government of China is responsible for controlling the water pollution and making the water potable for further use. The Chinese government is responsible for providing safe drinking water all over the country. The government aims at cleaning the water sources. It is advised to clean the rivers and lakes to make further use of water. Government regulations are set to clean the water and make it fruitful for drinking. Water sustainability has been the result of providing clean water to the people (Ghaffour, Missimer & Amy, 2013).
The research on water sustainability is done in order to get more information about the role of the country with respect to water management. The technologies used to in sustaining water have largely resulted in the growth of the country. Australia has adopted the technology which results in the advancements of the innovation (Grafton et al, 2011).
It has been analyzed that drinking-water problems are a major key issue in China. Thus, China has used various technological projects in order to prove safe drinking water. China uses low-cost technologies such as making use of cheap purifiers on the tap. This results in delivering fresh and clean water in the country (Ebenstein, 2012).
The nonprofit organizations of Australia have largely dealt with the water sustainability. NGOs of Australia deal with the local issues of water availability that prevails in the society. The investment is made in the local organizations. The use of water is provided at a low cost which can be afforded easily and can be utilized by the society. The private sector of Australia has given the supply of water effectively and efficiently (Liu & Yang, 2012).
China made it compulsory to use tap water in every city. This is done to meet the indices set by World Health Organization. They have made use of tap to make water reach in the hands of people living in local areas. The private sectors of China use cheap resources which functions in a short run.
The government should impose strict rules for the use of water. They can also charge for wasting the water resources. This will create awareness regarding the utilization of water. There should be an effective supply of water without water being wasted. There should be a proper use of water resources.
While, China is a country that maintains water sustainability in the country. Resources are used under such innovation makes the country adapt fewer resources but it increases the ability to understand the sustainability issue of the society (Gleick, 2014).
The actions taken by the two countries for energy and water sustainability follow different criteria respectively. Both the countries deal with a number of issues pertaining to society. The two countries differ from each other respectively. However, Australia is comparatively better at functioning within such actions. China uses cheap resources to meet the demands of society. The resources must be used in a proper manner which is generally done by Australia.
Conclusion
On the above discussion, it has been concluded that Australia is using effective regulation to maintain energy and water sustainability in the country compared to the china. Australia and China also should improve its policies and regulation to maintain sustainability in the environment.
References
Bengtsson, F. and Ågerfalk, P.J., 2011. Information technology as a change actant in sustainability innovation management: Insights from Uppsala. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 20(1), pp.96-112.
Clarkson, P.M., Overell, M.B. and Chapple, L., 2011. Environmental reporting and its relation to corporate environmental performance. Abacus, 47(1), pp.27-60.
Ebenstein, A., 2012. The consequences of industrialization: evidence from water pollution and digestive cancers in China. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(1), pp.186-201.
Faunce, T., Styring, S., Wasielewski, M.R., Brudvig, G.W., Rutherford, A.W., Messinger, J., Lee, A.F., Hill, C.L., Fontecave, M., MacFarlane, D.R. and Hankamer, B., 2013. Artificial photosynthesis as a frontier technology for energy sustainability. Energy & Environmental Science, 6(4), pp.1074-1076.
Ghaffour, N., Missimer, T.M. and Amy, G.L., 2013. Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability. Desalination, 309, pp.197-207.
Gleick, P.H. ed., 2014. The world’s water volume 8: The biennial report on freshwater resources (Vol. 8). Island Press.
Grafton, R.Q., Libecap, G., McGlennon, S., Landry, C. and O’Brien, B., 2011. An integrated assessment of water markets: a cross-country comparison. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 5(2), pp.219-239.
Hahn, R. and Kühnen, M., 2013. Determinants of sustainability reporting: a review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 59, pp.5-21.
Liu, J. and Yang, W., 2012. Water sustainability for China and beyond. Science, 337(6095), pp.649-650.
Pittock, J. and Finlayson, C.M., 2011. Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin: freshwater ecosystem conservation options in an era of climate change. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62(3), pp.232-243.
Schaltegger, S. and Wagner, M., 2011. Sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainability innovation: categories and interactions. Business strategy and the environment, 20(4), pp.222-237.
Watson, R.T., Boudreau, M.C. and Chen, A.J., 2010. Information systems and environmentally sustainable development: energy informatics and new directions for the IS community. MIS quarterly, pp.23-38.
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