Alzheimer’s Disease And Associated Disorders: An Overview Of The Research Study

Research question

Discuss About The Alzheimer Disease And Associated Disorders.

The study was about carrying out a research to investigate the effects of high-dose fish oil over low-dose supplements for certain structural and symptomatic outcomes related to knee osteoarthritis. Osteosrthritis is one of the most common forms of arthritis that affects more than a million people on a global scale and refers to a condition that involves inflammation of the joints due to cartilage degeneration (Berenbaum, 2013). While several studies had earlier established the efficacy of fish oil for reducing osteoarthritic symptoms, most of these studies had been conducted on animals, and not on patients (Boe & Vangsness, 2015). management, this RCT tested whether low-dose of fish oil had any benefits for the same.

The aim of the study was concerned with drawing a comparison between the anti-inflammatory doses of fish oil with its low dose, which in turn is not considered to be anti-inflammatory in nature. Fish oil acts as one of the best sources of omega-three fatty acids that are required for proper functioning of the human body. An association has been established with joint health and omega-3 fatty acids. The Research question can be defined as an answerable inquiry into a particular issue or concern. The research question for the article was as follows:

Are high doses of fish oil superior to a supplementation of low dose, for knee osteoarthritis (OA) symptomatic and structural outcomes?

The randomized controlled trial included participants aged more than 40 years, who were suffering from knee osteoarthritis. The participants were recruited with the help of the ACR diagnostic criteria for OA (Aggarwal et al., 2015). Those meeting the knee pain scores on the visual analogue scale as >20mm were eligible for the study. Exclusion criteria included dementia or their the inability of the participants to provide their informed consent, or those who suffered from severe forms of radiographic knee OA, with respect to index knee. Furthermore, patients having undergone knee replacement surgeries, and under the long-term usage of high-dose fish oil were also not recruited.

The randomization procedure involved two groups namely, one that comprised of administration of high-dose fish oil and another with low-dose fish oil, of 15mL each day. The high dose fish oil group comprised of 12% DHA and 18% EPA, which in turn provided an estimated 4.5 g DHA+EPA per day. On the other hand, the other arm was found to be a blend of oleic rich sunola oil and low-dose fish oil, in the ration of 9:1 that supplied approximately 0.45g of DHA+EPA per day. This dosage was found to be equal to 1g 1.5 standard fish oil capsules.

Randomized Controlled Trial

Knee specific pain scales that encompassed McMaster and Western Ontario Universities Arthritis index (WOMAC) was the primary outcome of all patients at time intervals of 3, 6, 12 and 24 months (Gandek, 2015). WOMAC function, use of analgesic, use of NSAIDs and the quality of life of the patients were the secondary outcomes. Furthermore, secondary outcomes were also related to measurement of changes that occurred in the BML scores and the patient safety outcomes. The patients were also subjected to MRI studies of their knee at baseline and after 2 years. The quality of life was measured with the use of Assessment of Quality of Life instrument after every three months. Intake of analgesics and NSAIDs were measured on a regular basis.

All participants randomised to the two intervention groups were not properly accounted for at the end of the trial. Although 203 of them had been subjected to the randomisation procedure, only 168 of the participants could be assessed at the end of the study for assessment of the primary and the secondary outcomes. Thus, high withdrawal rates of the participants can be considered as an essential factor that might have led to bias in the results, which did not support the research hypothesis.

Risks of bias are defined as the risks of occurrence of some kinds of systematic errors or deviations from the truth, inferences or results. Lack of control group was a major risk of bias that might have contributed to the placebo effect, reportedly experienced by patients belonging to both the groups. Furthermore, large number of patients were also found to withdraw and show intolerance to the low dose fish oil supplement, provided to them. This can also be accounted for the differences that occurred in the results and led to misleading findings.

Existence of a systematic difference among the participants in the way by which they get assigned to the intervention or treatment group contributes to allocation bias (Zhao, 2013). In the research study, after being recruited from the community, with the use of rheumatology and general media advertising databases, they were randomized to the control and the intervention group. The allocation sequence was generated with the help of a computer, followed by the subsequent allocation that was centrally performed. Blinding refers to the procedure where one or more groups or individuals in the trial are unaware of the treatment or intervention arms that they have been randomly assigned to. Although randomization of the participants was an essential step in minimizing differences between the treatment groups in the trial, the randomization procedure fails to prevent all kinds of differential treatment of the recruited groups, during the later stages of the trial or differential outcome assessment.  Either of these might lead to biased estimates of the effects of treatment. The allocation sequence was concealed from the staff and all participants. This was a correct procedure to avoid bias in the results.  

Results and Limitations

All the groups were found to be similar at the beginning of the trial since all participants were selected on the basis of similar inclusion criteria from the community (Hoang et al., 2013). Economics, prior to the randomization procedure, all the participants were subjected to a flavoured oil test to eliminate those with oil intolerance. Similar outcomes were measured for both the groups, thereby emphasizing on the fact that the participants were treated equally. However, absence of a control group was a major limitation of the research.

Performance bias encompasses the conduct of some trials that inadvertently leads to the introduction of differences between groups that are randomised, other than the treatment or intervention that is being assessed (Pocock, 2013). This kind of deviation often compromised the study results and lead to barriers in making valid inferences about the effects of intervention. The researchers eliminated performance bias by concealing the staff involved in conducting MRI assessments and treating the patients to the intervention groups. Blinding of the staff was a successful procedure since they were not aware of which participants were allocated to which of the two treatment arms. In other words, the patients in the intervention group were unaware of the fact that they had been allocated to a group where they were not being administered the conventional fish oil supplement. Thus, the randomised controlled trial was a double-blind study where neither the experimenters nor the participants knew who were receiving which treatment. This procedure was accurately implemented to prevent bias in the results. Adopting a double blind approach in the research was particularly essential for preventing bias that might have occurred due to placebo effect or demand characteristics.

Detection bias generally occurs when the experimenters are so similar with the symptom profiles of the conventional medication that upon assessing the patients, they immediately identify the intervention group that the patients have been allocated to (Widom, Czaja & DuMont, 2015). This was accurately taken into consideration by the researchers, since the inclusion of fish oil led to failure in detection the oil group to which the participants had been randomised. Furthermore, both the oils had a similar taste that prevented any easy assessment of the treatment groups.

Furthermore, attrition bias is found to occur when participants get lost during the trial process (Wu et al., 2013). The researchers failed to prevent attrition bias since 35% and 20% participants were found to withdrawal from the intervention in the high dose and low dose treatment arms, respectively. Some of the major reasons that accounted for withdrawal of the participants were oil intolerance, non-compliance, inefficacy, health issues, and death.

Risks of Bias

The treatment effect cannot be considered large enough due to the fact that no statistical significance was reached in case of between the group differences for the primary and the secondary outcome measures. However, the low dose fish oil intervention was found to bring about increased improvements in the WOMAC function and pain scores at the end of 2 years, when compared to the high dose treatment group. Moreover, the high rates of withdrawal also accounted for the lack of significant differences in the outcomes, between the groups.

The results of the study cannot be applied to the local population. This can be attributed to the fact that the results were not in accordance with the study hypothesis that stated that high dose fish oil would be more effective than comparable low doses, in treating OA. Furthermore, participants who ingested low dose fish oil reported better function and pain scores at the end of 18 and 24 months, respectively, upon comparison to the high dose group. Owing to the fact that the researchers failed to derive any significant benefits of high dose supplementation of fish oil in knee OA patients, further investigation is required before the findings can be applied in a local context.

References

Aggarwal, R., Ringold, S., Khanna, D., Neogi, T., Johnson, S. R., Miller, A., … & Aletaha, D. (2015). Distinctions between diagnostic and classification criteria?. Arthritis care & research, taxation(7), 891-897.

Berenbaum, F. (2013). Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21(1), 16-21.

Boe, C., & Vangsness, C. T. (2015). Fish Oil and Osteoarthritis: Current Evidence. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ), 44(7), 302-305.

Gandek, B. (2015). Measurement properties of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index: a systematic review. Arthritis care & research, 67(2), 216-229.

Hill, C. L., March, L. M., Aitken, D., Lester, S. E., Battersby, R., Hynes, K., … & Jones, G. (2015). Fish oil in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised clinical trial of low dose versus high dose. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, annrheumdis-2014.

Hoang, A. M., Chen, G., Haddadi, A., & Razeghi, M. (2013). Demonstration of high performance bias-selectable dual-band short-/mid-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on type-II InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattices. Applied Physics Letters, 102(1), 011108.

Pocock, S. J. (2013). Clinical trials: a practical approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & DuMont, K. A. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Real or detection bias?. business, 347(6229), 1480-1485.

Wu, Q., Tchetgen, E. J. T., Osypuk, T. L., White, K., Mujahid, M., & Glymour, M. M. (2013). Combining direct and proxy assessments to reduce attrition bias in a longitudinal study. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 27(3), 207.

Zhao, W. (2013). Selection bias, allocation concealment and randomization design in clinical trials. Contemporary clinical trials, 36(1), 263-265.