Discuss about the Crime Control in China for Organized Crime and Business.
In China, there has been a social transition from a state socialist command economy to a market economy. These alterations have been made from every aspect of the Chinese society. However, the transformation of China have also given rise to severe issues that have required proper and serious innovation in the roles of state, local agencies and provincial including the functions of social control and policing. The major problem of crimes in China is that it attracts increasing scholarly attention and plenty of replies from the government. There are new motives and opportunities of China associate into criminal and anti-social activities. Similarly, there are plenty of traditional methods relating to the public security. It also has an ineffective crime suppression. The major factors that cause crimes consist of counterrevolutionary remnants, feudalist, influence of western culture, culture revolution and laws that are inappropriate.
Presently China is considered to be an exceptional historical period. The individuals residing in China have been influenced by a wave of extreme individualism (Welsh Farrington & Taheri, 2015). Their motives are anti-social and are rushed towards the danger. Few of the individuals had followed this trend. A few specified areas of China have been permeated by the influence of the criminal society outside the borders. The evil forces and underworld run rampant where individuals had become local tyrants and their criminal activities were common. The Communist Party of China deals with the crimes that fall under the rule of law identified by it. There have been rapid developments in the field of criminal and public law. This is because of the effect of traditional ideas about the legal systems, the purpose of the idea is to pay greater attention for the execution of the law that existed for the security laws of the public (Lippman, 2017). Criminology is required as a science for understanding and controlling the problems of crimes. The economic crimes have more impact in China. Inside China, there is urgency need of better knowledge regarding the impact and reasons of crime. The scholars and practitioners have to associate in the research process of on the issues and policies related to the administration of the crimes. Developing knowledge in Crimes is essential for reducing it. However, China generally provides a vital concept for the advancement of the theories and practices of criminology (Wu et al., 2015). For controlling the crime rate in China, relevant and necessary research programs are essential. Criminologists can access the data sources from there.
Criminology plays a major role for the securing the state as China has a mass history related to this. Therefore, the problems of crime have always been a significant barrier to the informed research on it. The western criminologists have difficulty in comprehending the useful criminological research that cannot be solved without cooperation. The public security officials believe that discharge of local crime statistics and the reporting of the crimes by the media would be harmful to the society by increasing the fear of crimes by showing the capability of law enforcement (Collins, Ricks & Van Meter, 2015). The chief issue with the validity of the official crime data is the process of recording and informing the administrative punishment statistics and the data interpretation by the police who treat the crime statistics as a measure of police performance. The most fundamental issue with such methods is that the probability of crimes becomes less credible and it effects the organs of the police security. China regards indices both punishment and crimes that includes both social facts and the general measure of civility. Hong Kong is treated as the evidence that explains that the city is generally safe for visitors, tourists and businesspersons (Gibbs, McGarrell & Sullivan, 2015). However, this defines that the statistics of crime and the interpretation of it is considered to be the objects of intense control.
China is known for having the maximum population in the world since it has plenty of experience in knowledge. China also has certain measures for controlling the crimes, as it is important for the international comparative understanding of crime and punishment (Broadhurst, Lee & Chan, 2016). Therefore, crime is regarded as an activity that should be diminished from socialist China. Firstly, street crimes became quite popular in China and it increased due to rapid industrialization. This has accompanied by soaring the problems of crimes. China generally experiences the history of plenty of industrialized countries in the West where the concept of increasing the crime problem was an inescapable by product of urbanization and industrialization. Along with rapid urbanization, there have been rise in the social inequality that contributes to the soaring crime problems. However, over the years, China have modified from one of the equal societies to one of the most unequal societies in the world (Chin, 2016). Generally, the combination effect of social inequality and urbanization in the areas of urban China deteriorate the situation of crime since the urbanization can only be treated as semi-urbanization. Thus, street crimes were very common in China those days and hence it should be eradicated to make it a safer city.
Secondly, along with street crimes, corruption and white collar crimes were also a part of the crimes. The economic reform of China in the past years had produced high wealth and contributed to the reduction of the level of poverty population in the world. For there have been a lack of an independent judicial system and supervision from a free media and political power that tend to seek every chance to commodity their power (Christie, 2016). The transition of China from a planned economy towards a market one is incomplete under one party rule. There has been explosive growth of corruption and other forms of white-collar crimes. The people of China have been angry towards the concept of corruption as it was one of the major factors for the tragic pro-democracy movements. During that time, Corruption was regarded as only one type of white-collar crimes in China (Reid, 2015). There were other kinds of white-collar crimes as well that existed in China. It included corporate pollution, financial fraud, safety crime, unsafe products and intellectual property theft. In China, the media and scholars of China use the concept of white-collar crime. The term white-collar crimes were referred to as economic crimes since the former theory had a wider definition that had the power to distinguish between the crimes that have been carried out by both the upper class and lower class. Thirdly, political crime was also popular along with white-collar and street collar crimes. There have been economic reforms presently that had reduced the scale of political crimes (Kwong, 2015). The government of China deals with different crimes including street crimes and political crimes that have been treated while corporate and white-collar criminals get relatively lenient punishment.
Therefore, there exists plenty of factors that affect the practice of philosophy in punishment. Politics and culture are considered the two most outstanding ones among others. The Chinese penal philosophy designate stating that even criminals can be altered through proper guidance of the instituition. The purpose of punishment is to make the criminals learn a lesson about the crimes they committed. Particularly, China was not punitive in nature. The issues of punishment are in China are oftenly criticized for committing human rights that can be violated (Jones & Vagg, 2017).
The judgment for controlling a crime element is executed by a public security organ. There are measures and methods that should be followed for controlling the crime rate in China. According to the Chinese criminal procedural law, the police who are in charge of the detention, investigation will look after the criminal cases (Chui, W & Lo, 2016). A criminal component who is sentenced to control must abide by the rules during the time it is being taken care of. Firstly, one must abide by the administrative regulations and laws. The supervision must be submitted. That individual will not be able to exercise or execute the existing rights (Zheng, 2018). It consists of freedom of speech, association and the demonstration without the approval of the organ. A report must be able to make his own activities related to the rules of the organ executing the control. The crime can also be controlled when the existing legislations are applied in the situations. The police have high discretionary powers to detain a suspect. Not all lawbreaking is defined as crime in China. The act committed must be serious in nature so that it can be prohibited by the criminal law (Hilal et al., 2014). The control or prevention measures depends on the nature of the crime. Minor crimes are treated as violations and are punished by the police.
The judicial organs of China have published a whole range of regulations and rules that have been designed to fight crimes. These are considered to be effective in prohibiting the abuse of such measures. The judicial proceedings of China have improved and are fair, democratic and efficient in upholding the authority of laws. It also preserves the legitimate interests and rights of the citizens. The purpose of this is to make sure that effective supervision over the handling of the case in all the stages for safe efficiency and justice. This law governs the crimes (Bao, 2017). As per the police statistics, there are particular towns in Hong Kong that suffer from a high rate of delinquency issues. The juvenile crimes in those times raised a concern about the occurrence of juvenile crimes in the State. There have been limited effectiveness of the criminal justice system in the crime control zone that has been identified from 1960. China had come up with various kinds of strategies of the community crime prevention in order to associate the common people in the war against crimes. However, China is known as a country for its legacy of crime prevention programs.
Apart from prevention programs, punishment is also considered a way of reducing and preventing crimes. The penal philosophy of China acts a measure to control the crime rate in China. The basic characteristic of the penal philosophy of China is to make use of the labor as a correctional method to convert the offenders into civil citizens of the nation. Such an ideological change can be beneficial for the offenders as it will alter them to be a better person in future (Christie, 2016). The purpose to change these offenders can be done by equipping them into correctional homes and probation. In such places, the effectiveness takes place and the individuals become better individuals. The prison population of China is therefore the result of the previous national history by having major willingness to change and political ideas. This country is not entirely punitive but there are issues that are linked to the punishment process in China. It has been argued and observed that the violation of human rights exists in the society. Another measure to prevent crimes of China is a method of re-education through labor. It is treated to be as an administrative method of punishment that is generally used by the police of China (Gibbs, McGarrell & Sullivan, 2015). By providing education to the offenders, they will become better persons since they will be taught as to how committing crimes is not a moral way to survive in the society. In punishing the criminals, the concept of justice is generally not obtained in the Court but it will also be delivered to the public who are surviving on the streets.
Lastly, in China the punitiveness lies in the concept of death penalty. Such a theory or concept has been abolished death penalty in law or practice (Wang et al., 2016). As observed from the history of China, the role of death penalty has always been a critical one. It has been used in China over the years and was considered to be a great measure of controlling and preventing crimes. However, China is still criticized of the practices for punishment that have been used over the past few decades. The above mentioned theories and concepts are the existing ways as to how rate of crimes in China can be prevented or controlled.
References:
Bao, W. N. (2017). Introduction. In Delinquent Youth in a Transforming China (pp. 1-27). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Broadhurst, R., Lee, K. W., & Chan, C. Y. (2016). Crime trends. In Understanding criminal justice in Hong Kong (pp. 75-98). Routledge.
Chin, K. L. (2016). Heijin: Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan: Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan. Routledge.
Christie, N. (2016). Crime control as industry: Towards gulags, western style. Taylor & Francis.
Chui, E. W. H., & Lo, T. W. (Eds.). (2016). Understanding criminal justice in Hong Kong. Taylor & Francis.
Collins, P. A., Ricks, T. A., & Van Meter, C. W. (2015). Principles of security and crime prevention. Routledge.
Gibbs, C., McGarrell, E. F., & Sullivan, B. (2015). Intelligence-led policing and transnational environmental crime: A process evaluation. European Journal of Criminology, 12(2), 242-259.
Hilal, S. M., Densley, J. A., Li, S. D., & Ma, Y. (2014). The routine of mass murder in China. Homicide studies, 18(1), 83-104.
Jones, C., & Vagg, J. (2017). Criminal Justice in Hong Kong. Routledge-Cavendish.
Kwong, J. (2015). The political economy of corruption in China. Routledge.
Lippman, M. (2017). The convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide: fifty years later. In Genocide and Human Rights (pp. 11-110). Routledge.
Reid, S. T. (2015). Crime and criminology. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Wang, X., Howley, P., Boxall, A., & Rudd, M. A. (2016). Behavior, preferences, and willingness to pay for measures aimed at preventing pollution by pharmaceuticals and personal care products in China. Integrated environmental assessment and management, 12(4), 793-800.
Welsh, B. C., Farrington, D. P., & Taheri, S. A. (2015). Effectiveness and social costs of public area surveillance for crime prevention. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 11, 111-130.
Wu, L., Liu, X., Ye, X., Leipnik, M., Lee, J., & Zhu, X. (2015). Permeability, space syntax, and the patterning of residential burglaries in urban China. Applied Geography, 60, 261-265.
Zheng, Y. (2018). Scarlet memorial: Tales of cannibalism in modern China. Routledge.
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