Discuss About The Developing Early Screening Jihadi Terrorism.
Terrorism is very complex and continuously changing phenomenon that makes headlines related to national and international agendas. It has various forms and is associated with various groups. It ranges from right-wing and left-wing groups, nationalist separatist organizations to political religious networks. They commit all the terrorist attacks based on their own ideologies and mixed management (Muggah, 2018). The term jihads is used more widely after the 9/11 attacks, since the year 1991. After the attack the government of United States had insistently generated a new body related to the international law. This law is also called global security law, which is still the most persistent legacies since the so called ‘jihadis’ terrorist attack. The essay discusses the threats caused by jihadis terrorism to the Middle Eastern States than to the people belonging to the Western countries.
The high profile attacks that took place in the western countries like Belgium, United States and France have set the world on edge. The jihadis war is now stretching from the American countries to Middle- East, African and Arabian countries. The people involved in this are the group of terrorists like Al Qaeda and ISIS (Lekhraibani, Rutledge & Forstenlechner, 2015). They are hitting particular groups of people or organization. In addition to this symbolic sites and popular cities are their main aim. The violent extremists are actually recruiting the people to spread this from the marginal and poorer neighborhood across the western countries. The extent to which the local-recruitment and extremist travelling is spread from the western countries is actually a cause of great concern (Seth et al., 2018). As per the reports 31,000 people from different countries are now travelled to Syria or Iraq to join ISIS and other extremist groups since the year 2014. Besides North America and Western Europe, Central Asia and Russia is increasingly becoming the fertile place for this remote radicalization. Moreover, various foreign fighters are sabotaged while fighting with such people abroad. The politicians in the recent times are also participating to respond and hate such crimes against all the minority group are also rapidly increasing. Terrorism especially in the form of jihadis is the non-state actors imposing violence on civilians to achieve ideological or political religious change.
As per (Keeffe, 2018) a recent assessment for terrorist risks in various cities all around the globe, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Somalia and Pakistan are more vulnerable than France, Belgium, the US or the UK. On the top of it 65 cities are described to face the most extreme form of risks, which includes Baghdad, Al Ramadi, Mosul and Al Hillah in the top 10 targeted cities. There are dozens of jihadis terrorist attacks in the recent years. As per the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) the terrorist linked fatalities are tracked between 2005 and 2014 and most of the countries that are affected now are in the Middle East. There is still an ongoing continuous warfare in the Middle East countries that includes Syria, Iraq, Yemen and Afghanistan. Majority of countries that are prone to jihadis terrorism is now clustered in the Middle East, South Asia and Northern parts of Africa.
In the name of jihads, innocent civilians are ultimately getting killed during the armed conflicts. As per Jalal (2015), there is quite a difference between war and terrorism. In war killing the innocent civilians are strictly prohibited. While the jihadis terrorisms is intended particularly to kill the civilians indiscriminately. It is seen that generally small number of countries are relatively more at risk like, Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria (Archetti, 2015). It is a high time for such countries to protect their homeland from terrorism in the name of jihads. They need to nurture better resilience and should have the ability to adapt, cope and rebound by avoiding high risks. When the existing communities suffer from neglect and highly disorganized in nature.
It is crucial time to address jihadis terrorism with all sincerity due to distinct terror group that is spurred through by the common ideologies. After the collapse of ISIS and Al Qaeda (AQ) dreams for Caliphate and Islamic states, the major focus has now shifted to spread the terror globally. ISIS which raise to popularity in 2014 after being separated from their parent organization AQ. It has now become the ultimate trend setter for spreading jihadi terrorism in the global level. As per the reports, after the death of the most wanted terrorist Osama Bin Laden, AQ lost its sheen as well as the leadership related to global jihads. Majority of the ISIS fighters have already returned to their nations and furthermore redeployed in smaller groups by. They are relocating themselves in various parts of the Middle Eastern countries and thus expanding their wings related to the terror groups.
The major networks related to the radicalized Islamic extremists are spread by the Al Qaeda. They are raising more and more jihadist by giving them immense and adequate training in the training camps for terror activities in Afghanistan. Though since last few years Al Qaeda has not been involved in any major terror attack. Their actions are now restricted to intermittent terrorists act through its associated group and the lone-wolf operations (Un.org, 2018). The tumult of the AQ jihadi terrorists has now been widespread in Islamic Maghreb, Arabian Peninsula and Indian Subcontinent. While ISIS is changing itself into a terror firm that is increasingly acting autonomously and increasingly exercising influence in various regions such as through its regional allies and groups (Klausen, 2015). The hatred for West, democratic regimes, non-believers and Islamic regimes has still not been diminished.
In the recent era of globalization, due to improved technologies and latest gadgets better integration has been formed between the terror worlds all around the globe. The jihadi terrorism is increasing now at a more rapid rate. Increasing solidarity among the Muslim across the world has given a high rise to boost the potential related to the catastrophic global terrorism. Though every Muslim with radical thoughts are not extremists. In fact the unemployed and educated youth are generally attracted to widespread jihadi terrorism. They are used as an instrument to avenge their supposed injustice done to the community members all over the world. Increase in the rate of solidarity among such people has given spur to the resistance movements throughout the world. Although global jihadi terror is not going to end anytime soon. As mentioned by there has been made fervent appeals to the jihadist recently to unite the world but the impact is in vain.
As per the reports, Al Qaeda main leader Ayman al-Zawahri has urged the jihadists to support, merge and work together while preparing for the attacks (Gupta, 2018). In the recently released video of the mastermind behind the terror attack it was revealed. The jihadist wants to link up and communicate with other while extending helping hand to their Muslim brothers in the Muslim lands. As per Zawahiris recent audio message, it has been revealed that they are urging unity to fight for their Muslim brothers, who faced major problem not only in Syria but all over the world. Due to the vast differences as well as ego clashes between the major terror groups, now the idea related to Universal Jihads has been created. Universal jihad will be henceforth directed against man-made laws, democratic Government and kafirs of the particular region. The terror groups will be now united to form a Universal Jihads that would be further funded, motivated and financed through a core central global leadership (Cheterian, 2015).
Through the social media recently the Jihadists are motivated and radicalized to fight in the name of religion. They are also the major contributor towards the Universal Jihads. The fight with them is ideology driven and there are no such barriers related to geographical boundaries. It is a major challenge for the intelligence organization to operate and detect them at various levels. The wide spread of jihadi terrorism in the middle East is also rising due to the widespread of Internet. As it has become the most primary source for target nomination, training, technical know-how and coordination of all the terrorist related activities that aims to high visibility and mass causalities. The terror threats are now manifesting in the form of lone-wolf attacks through the application of explosives-laden vehicles and suicide attacks.
The jihadi terrorism is not actually using weapons for attack but instead they are involved in operational costs such as design, scope and support arrangements for the attacks. In the Middle Eastern countries the threats are gradually more due to less or minimal global; security. With the rise in global jihads, many skilled and highly educated youth are joining the jihads and thus the chances for cyber-attack are also increasing (Neo et al., 2015). The application of jihadi terrorism is the new challenges that are faced by the eastern countries recently.
The success related to terrorism operations will mostly depends on the capabilities and willingness of the nations to fight effectively with terrorism on their own land. The universal jihads if gained more strength will drastically affect all the countries throughout the world. It is highly important to incorporate internal security apparatus that includes capacity for capability building and several issues that are related to control and command (Sirgy, Estes & Rahtz, 2017).
In the European countries, jihadi terrorism was undermined and overlooked but the Madrid bombarding shook everyone to their core. The scenario had a deep impact on the mind and the life of the people or the general public. Though jihadi terrorism is not a new concept for the people but they felt that terrorism has actually reached to the European countries. Even France has its own terrorists attack in the name of jihad during the mid-90. Major Madrid bombings have left the people to live under continuous threats. Security forces, Intelligence and Politicians have focused predominantly on the foreign jihadi network that has operated in abroad and were responsible for the ultimate 9/11. The threats of jihadi terrorism are coming from radicalized members.
The threats in the Middle Eastern countries are rising as compared to the Western countries. More than a decade after the unfortunate 9/11, it is highly significant for all the Middle Eastern countries to set strict regulations related to the global security of their country. Moreover, the terror prone places due to jihadist activist should also have reasonable legal checks and track the jihadi terrorist’s activities through proper surveillance.
References:
Archetti, C. (2015). Terrorism, communication and new media: Explaining radicalization in the digital age. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(1).
Cheterian, V. (2015). ISIS and the Killing Fields of the Middle East. Survival, 57(2), 105-118.
Gupta, A. (2018). Emerging global jihadi terror. Retrieved from https://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/emerging-global-jihadi-terror.html
Jalal, A. (2015). Politics Of The Middle East.
Klausen, J. (2015). Tweeting the Jihad: Social media networks of Western foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(1), 1-22.
Lekhraibani, R., Rutledge, E., & Forstenlechner, I. (2015). Securing a Dynamic and Open Economy: The UAE’s Quest for Stability. Middle East Policy, 22(2), 108-124.
Lutz, B. J., & Lutz, J. M. (2015). Globalisation and terrorism in the middle east. Perspectives on terrorism, 9(5).
Mueller, J., & Stewart, M. G. (2016). Misoverestimating ISIS: Comparisons with Al-Qaeda. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(4), 30-39.
Muggah, R. (2018). Terrorism is on the rise – but there’s a bigger threat we’re not talking about. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/terrorism-is-on-the-rise-but-there-s-a-bigger-threat-we-re-not-talking-about/
Neo, L. S., Khader, M., Ang, J., Ong, G., & Tan, E. (2017). Developing an early screening guide for jihadi terrorism: A behavioural analysis of 30 terror attacks. Security Journal, 30(1), 227-246.
O’Keeffe, C. (2018). One jihadi terror arrest in Ireland in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/one-jihadi-terror-arrest-in-ireland-in-2016-470742.html
Seth et al., (2018). The Evolving Terrorist Threat. Accounting https://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF370.html#conference-welcome
Sirgy, M. J., Estes, R. J., & Rahtz, D. R. (2017). Combatting Jihadist terrorism: A quality-of-life perspective. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-25.
Smith, C., Burke, H., de Leiuen, C., & Jackson, G. (2016). The Islamic State’s symbolic war: Da’esh’s socially mediated terrorism as a threat to cultural heritage. Journal of Social Archaeology, 16(2), 164-188.
Un.org. (2018). UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy | Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/un-global-counter-terrorism-strategy
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