Question:
Discuss About The Effective Mentoring The Community Setting?
The case study here reflects on different challenges that a child faces in the overall developmental processes such as cognitive and social development. The child named Jack mentioned in the case scenario faced problems in toilet training and speech development. Thus in the following essay, the roles of the health nurses will be discussed by adopting theories as examples in developing the cognitive and social skills to help children between the ages of two and five years in their proper development taking Jack as example in developing his toilet training skills and speech development.
The health nurses and midwives play a vital role in the business development stages of the child through proper take care. In this present case scenario, it discusses about a child named Jack, 3 years old who had been attending a day care center. Jack was found to experience difficulties to master skills in toilet training and also in speech development. This bothered his mother as the other children of his age had already mastered the skills. Thus, based on this problems, there warranted a proper focus on the social and cognitive development through different theories that effectively contributes towards the personal development of the child. With this respect, the nurses could play a major role in the toilet training and also can also encourage the child to participate in different playing sessions along with other kids in the day center.
The midwives are found to play a potential role in child attachment development which could be explained by Bowlby’s attachment concept (Sarsfield, 2014). He in this theory stated that every child came in this world with certain emotions of attachment that were preprogrammed which helps them in their survival. Any kind of separation between the parents and the child inculcate feelings of getting unsecured and anxiety within the child (Hechter, 2017). In the present case study as the mother was a working person was not able to spend enough time with her child. Thus the prolonged detachment of the child from his mother could have negatively affected the development of cognition followed by feeling lonely and unsecured within the child. Thus to combat this kind of situation interactive sessions should be arranged to initiate the learning process via digital platform. According to DeVellis (2016), this learning session develops increased interest within the child followed by an assistive framework to develop the cognition. Accounting to the theory the mother should also involve more actively with her child that would help the child in developing the communication and learning prospects.
The nurses can effectively help the child in developing the cognitive behaviour and the development of the cognition in the child could be explained by the Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (Harvey & Park, 2015). Jean Piaget believed that the way a child views the world is strongly influenced by age, maturation and experience. According to his theory, the 3 years old child can be placed under the “preoperational stages of cognitive development” (Moore, 2014). This stage reflects the ability of the child to imagine with strong intuition, although have difficulties in processing abstract and complicated thoughts. He also explained that the child should be capable enough to properly express his thoughts through proper use of grammatical words and syntax. But in this case, Jack faced difficulties in speech that made the expression process problematic in him. In this context, the nurses should provide a deliberate assistance by considering the concerns of the child by breaking down the difficult words into simple terms that were clear to him. The nurses should encourage him continuously to speak more often as much as possible and also provide a proper friendly environment to support him in developing the cognition (Pritchard & Gidman, 2012).
Jack in this case was also facing trouble in toilet training and communicating clearly thereby reducing the social etiquette development. One of the theories that explain the social development is Erikson’s social development model. This theory entails the psychosocial problems of the child. At this stage, the child undergoes mixture of feelings comprising of autonomy versus shame and forbids from the self management of daily activities of life. Thus involving the child actively in the process of care planning would generate more excitement and curiosity within the child (Trollvik et al., 2013). Apart from this, the nurses could provide increased autonomy in child by incorporating proper decision making within the practice. This type of compassionate environment would help the child to be more proactive and more expressive verbally (Howlin et al., 2014).
Thus the nurses could effectively impact the overall development of the child by advocating policies for increased appropriate home, nutrition and learning (Behrman & Urzúa, 2013). In the cognitive development of the child nourishment had been found to play a major role (Bernier et al., 2012). In addition, the nurses assisting the parents in developing the parental skills could also be helpful by participating in community action programs. Therefore, referring the mother of the child to one of the community programs could be an effective alternative.
The cognition development between the age group of three to five is explained by the Piaget’s theory. This theory is further divided into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operations (Case, 2013). Among these the most important stages are the sensorimotor and pre-operational stages as they act as a platform for processing language and individual development. Development of concrete operations is based on sensory memory that relates the way the adults talks with each other either through phones or in persons. The development stages of cognition are associated with different changes in biology and psychology (Nisbett et al., 2012). The normal cognition development will increase based on the processing thoughts in the age group of three to five years. Thus, based on this, the child should be involved in an environment with competitive group that supports the optimal child growth (Hart, 2013).
The Erikson’s theory explains clearly the social development in a child. Both the social and psychosocial factors help to increase the social development of the child through eight stages (Newman & Newman, 2017). The first stage involves the stages of making queries for which they are usually dependent on their mother. In between the age of 2-7 the child develop the urge to learn. For example, it can be included the developing skills in clothing themselves and toilet training which was not properly developed in the child. This impairment could be due to reduced interactions with the parents and the peers. With this context, Vygotsky’s theory explaining the cognitive development could be considered for the social development that preceded the community interactions of the child (Forrester, 2013).
Evidential studies have reported that both the health and the genetic constitution affect the cognitive social development. Other factors include the physical development and health. The cognition can be impaired with the advent of the stress. Reduced health conditions of the child influence the child’s power of thinking, interacting, learning and reasoning that is essential in the cognitive social development (Tzuriel, 2013).
By employing the Piaget theory, the nurses and the midwives would be able to guide the parents in their child overall development. The nurses should directly interact with the parents and help them to understand the major reason of depression leading to impaired learning in the child (Hockenberry, Wilson & Rodgers, 2016).
Conclusion
Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that the nurses and the midwives play a vital role in the overall development of the child. By implementing different theories of development such as Erikson’s theory for social development and the Piaget’s theory of cognition development the nurses could assist effectively in developing the skills by providing a perfect environment to the child. These theories also assist them to provide the parents the exact guidelines to help their child in growing and developing. Thus, the nurses exert a perfect role in identifying the critical problems and provide the appropriate solutions to overcome the speech difficulties that hamper communication and helps in toilet training as identified in the current case study.
References:
Behrman, J. R., & Urzúa, S. (2013). Economic perspectives on some important dimensions of early childhood development in developing countries. Handbook of early childhood development research and its impact on global policy, 123.
Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Deschênes, M., & Matte?Gagné, C. (2012). Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: A closer look at the caregiving environment. Developmental science, 15(1), 12-24.
Case, R. (2013). The mind’s staircase: Exploring the conceptual underpinnings of children’s thought and knowledge. Psychology Press.
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage publications.
Forrester, M. A. (2013). The development of young children’s social-cognitive skills. Psychology Press.
Hart, R. A. (2013). Children’s participation: The theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care. Routledge.
Harvey, N., & Park, T. (2015). Concepts of growth and development. Pearson Australia.
Hechter, M. (2017). Internal colonialism: the Celtic fringe in British national development. Routledge.
Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., & Rodgers, C. C. (2016). Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Howlin, P., Savage, S., Moss, P., Tempier, A., & Rutter, M. (2014). Cognitive and language skills in adults with autism: a 40?year follow?up. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(1), 49-58.
Moore, T. E. (Ed.). (2014). Cognitive development and acquisition of language. Elsevier.
Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2017). Development through life: A psychology approach. Cengage Learning.
Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012). Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments. American psychologist, 67(2), 130.
Pritchard, E., & Gidman, J. (2012). Effective mentoring in the community setting. British journal of community nursing, 17(3).
Sarsfield, A. (2014). Signs of insecure attachment development in infancy-How do child healthcare nurses identify them?.
Trollvik, A., Eriksson, B. G., Ringsberg, K. C., & Hummelvoll, J. K. (2013). Children’s participation and experiential reflections using co-operative inquiry for developing a learning programme for children with asthma. Action Research, 11(1), 31-51.
Tzuriel, D. (2013). Mediated learning experience and cognitive modifiability. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 12(1), 59.
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