Enhancing Patient Safety: Risks Of Medication Errors And Ethical Issues In Nursing Practice

Medication Errors and Patient Safety

Discuss About The Enhancing Patient Safety Importance Direct.

Medication errors are some of the preventable mistakes, which are a resultant of erroneous administration of pharmaceuticals, which can jeopardize patient safety and even cause fatality in extreme cases. A report provided by the IOS Press in Amsterdam, showed that nearly 251,000 people lose their lives as result of medication error annually in the United States (Anderson Abrahamson & Na 2017). The report aims to describe a Coronial clinical investigative case study of a patient named Mrs. T who expired due to clinical error governed by the respondent nurse. The critical analysis of the nursing guide is to be described in the following discussion will emphasize on the medication malpractice, ethical issues and legislative issue that could arise in such cases.

The patient was under psychiatric review due to major depressive disorder and has a history of depression, cholesystectomy, ischemic heart diseases and reoccurring urinary tract infection. The patient was admitted to the hospital with dehydrated condition, which subsequently deteriorated and was under constant monitoring and required assistance for changing and other smaller activities. The patient was prepared for a transfer to a psychiatric hospital. The associate unit management, here and now referred to as nurse A had instructed the registered nurse, here and now will be referred to as Nurse B to administer the patients medications prior to her discharge to avoid re-hospitalization (Hasan et al., 2010). The nurse B misread the medication chart and administered Nitrazepam or Mogadon 15mg that is an antidepressant instead of mirtazapine or Avanza 15mg that is a potent sedative. 

The National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standard in Australia has a set of guideline for promotion of safety in health care, whose Standard 4 describes the medication safety guidelines, “Clinical leaders and senior managers of a health service organisation implement systems to reduce the occurrence of medication incidents, and improve the safety and quality of medicine use. Clinicians and other members of the workforce use the systems to safely manage medicines” (Standard, Q. I. G., 2012). In light of the current case study provided, the incident could have been avoided by completing independent double-checking by both nurse A and nurse B, which was not seen in this case. This form of medication error is very common in the healthcare industry (Jones 2014). The nurse A, showed lack of supervision, as she was responsible to make sure that the order she provided was properly followed. The nurse B misread the medication chart, which was a sign of carelessness on her behalf.

Case Study: Medication Malpractice and Its Implications

Double-checking is a widely accepted standard of clinical practice, which is very useful to prevent errors in healthcare service (Hewitt, Chreim & Forster, 2016). The nurse B in this case could have doubled checked the medication chart and stopped herself from administering a sedative in place of an anti-depressant. The nurse also could have independently double checked the medication procedure and prevented the medication error. This is a kind of supervision error in the case for the nurse A, who is the senior authority in this case (Reid?Searl, Moxham & Happell, 2010).  Since the above suggestions were not followed, it lead to the development of loss of consciousness, hospital acquired pathogenesis, gastric aspiration and ultimately septic shock, which gave rise to her death. 

There are many ethical considerations to be undertaken in nursing practices, one of them medication administration principles. It is important to recognize the patient’s problems and then administer medication with respect to his or her need (Mitty et al., 2010). Assessment and understanding of the kind of drug being used is also another consideration in the medication ethics, which helps avoiding drug based adverse reaction. It is important to focus decision based on the route in which the drug will be administered which is focused based on the patient’s needs and state of healthcare. Time of medication is another aspect, which needs to be considered when it comes to administration, and void loss of drug efficacy. It is important to keep record of the drug administered to allow the next healthcare giver information to carry the duty forward. It is also considered ethically sound to assess the rationale that is related to the administration of drug with respect to the patient’s condition to avoid medication error (Richardson, Bromirski & Hayden, 2012). The patient needs to be monitored to check whether or not the administered drug is working to improve the patient’s condition or having any indication of adverse effect. In light of the given case study, it can be observed that both the supervising nurse A and the nurse B failed to show the necessary ethical principal which lead to the untimely demise of the patient. The nurse B failed to assess the right drug for the patient, which lead to loss of consciousness.

The medical field is dependent on the flow of proper information to advocate to the personal caring of the ailing patients. The patients are vulnerable in this form of profession and their existence is dependent on the responsiveness of the care professionals. Veracity or truth telling has an important role in this situation. It is unethical to withhold information in this form of profession, as it can jeopardize the safety of the patient (Wolf 2012).  Violation of veracity can also result in the credibility loss and respect among care givers as well as patients. the case study also reflects similar actions of violation of veracity as the supervising nurse A did not mention, protest of complain against the nurse B when she fund that wrong medication had been administered to the patient.

Ethical Considerations in Nursing Practice

Non-maleficence is another term used in medical profession describing the act of not indulging in intentional harm. This form of ethical principle is what the healthcare industry is built upon. The vulnerability of the patient and the respecting acre plan is the duty of healthcare givers (Johnstone, 2011). It is obligatory for a nursing caregiver to provide the patient with beneficence as soon as possible keeping patient safety in mind. In the case of the coronial investigation, I observed that both respondent nurses failed to take credibility for the incident and took part in violation of the ethics of non-maleficence and administered wrong medication, and did not even provide alternative methods to efflux the mistaken drug from the patient’s system.  This kind of violation of ethical is subjected to legal actions.

There are many laws that govern the usage of drugs and in case of patient; those guidelines were not kept in mind. It is important to adhere to the legislative regulation of a particular country while administering drugs, to avoid the repercussions followed by medication errors (Choo, Hutchinson & Bucknall, 2010). The Australian government has a set of laws and regulation to be followed in relation to the drug administration, which helps to maintain clinical governance. The Health and Drugs Regulation Act in 1998 has a set of guidelines for the use, storage and administration of various pharmaceutical drugs, which defines the standard practices that need to be undertaken while administering drugs to patients safely (Scheduling basics, 2015). According to the government of Australia, Department of health, the following is the list of scheduled drugs kept in mind while administering drugs are mentioned in the following figure:

Following the aortic valve replacement surgery, the patient was administered with Panadol Osteo and Endone to clam her post operative pain. The generic name of Panadol is paracetamol which is a Schedule 2 drug which can be adminsitered to the patient at any given time according to need unless administered with a schedule 4 drug. The endone is the generic name for Oxycodone hydrochloride, which is a pain medication non-narcotic in nature. According to the government of Australia is a Schedule 8 drug (Pharmacist legal obligations when handling, dispensing and supplying drugs of dependence :: SA Health, 2017).

According to the government of Australia, Schedule 2 or Pharmacy Medicine drugs are to be only sold by Pharmaceutical and medication sellers and advice can be taken from pharmacists regarding the administration of these drugs. Schedule 8 or Controlled Drugs, which are subjected to dependence, requires a diagnosis from a professional practitioner and followed by strict monitoring of the patient it is being administered to very carefully. The drugs can be supplied only after reference from a medical practitioner and can only be dispensed by a pharmacist after showing prescription (Pharmacist legal obligations when handling, dispensing and supplying drugs of dependence :: SA Health, 2017).  It is the responsibility of the nurse to identify the need of the patient and then assess the type of scheduled drug being administered to the patient. In case of coronial case study, the nursing supervisor as well as the registered nurse both refused to adhere to the regulations of the nursing workforce and provide evidence for drug management (Masters, 2015). The nurses in charge should have recognised the difference between the two drugs, one was clearly an over the counter pharmaceutical and the other was a schedule 8 prescription analgesic. The nurse instead provided a strong sedative, which completely rendered her unconscious.

The above description of the case of Mrs. T and the coronial investigative results made it clear that the nursing staffs assigned to the patient clearly violated the act of veracity and non-malefiscence, which lead to the untimely demise of the elderly patient who was already suffering from mental illness. The nursing supervisor failed to show any responsibility towards independent checking of her order, the type of drug being administered as well as failed to truthfully adhere to the ethical principle.   In conclusion, it can be said that for future nursing this can be a lesson to ensure that the correct drug is being administered to the patient to avoid fatal repercussion in geriatric patients.

References:

Anderson, J. G., Abrahamson, K., & Na, R. (2017). Your Health Care May Kill You: Medical Errors. In ITCH (pp. 13-17).

Choo, J., Hutchinson, A., & Bucknall, T. (2010). Nurses’ role in medication safety. Journal of nursing management, 18(7), 853-861.

Hasan, O., Meltzer, D. O., Shaykevich, S. A., Bell, C. M., Kaboli, P. J., Auerbach, A. D., … & Schnipper, J. L. (2010). Hospital readmission in general medicine patients: a prediction model. Journal of general internal medicine, 25(3), 211-219.

Hewitt, T., Chreim, S., & Forster, A. (2016). Double checking: a second look. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 22(2), 267-274.

Johnstone, M. J. (2011). Nursing ethics and informed consent. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 19(5), 29.

Jones, J. (2014). Misread labels as a cause of medication errors. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 114(3), 11.

Masters, K. (2015). Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Mitty, E., Resnick, B., Allen, J., Bakerjian, D., Hertz, J., Gardner, W., … & Mezey, M. (2010). Nursing delegation and medication administration in assisted living. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 34(2), 162-171.

Pharmacist legal obligations when handling, dispensing and supplying drugs of dependence :: SA Health. (2017). Sahealth.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/clinical+topics/medicines+and+drugs/legal+control+over+medicines/legal+requirements+for+the+prescription+and+supply+of+drugs+of+dependence/pharmacist+legal+obligations+when+handling+dispensing+and+supplying+drugs+of+dependence

Reid?Searl, K., Moxham, L., & Happell, B. (2010). Enhancing patient safety: the importance of direct supervision for avoiding medication errors and near misses by undergraduate nursing students. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16(3), 225-232.

Richardson, B., Bromirski, B., & Hayden, A. (2012). Implementing a safe and reliable process for medication administration. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 26(3), 169-176.

Scheduling basics. (2015). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.tga.gov.au/scheduling-basics

Standard, Q. I. G. (2012). Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in HealthCare.

Wolf, Z. R. (2012). Nursing practice breakdowns: good and bad nursing. Medsurg Nursing, 21(1), 16.