Question:
Discuss about the Theories and Models of Parametric Design.
Design Thinking is the technique utilized by the designers in order to solve complex problems and thus find some desirable solution for the clients. There is a mindset of a design thinking where the focus is on the solution and not on the problems. The key concept is to evaluate a clear cross reflective evidencing from the blog, critically reflecting the knowledge and personal development from the experiences of Design Thinking and Entrepreneurial activities (Filatro, Cavalcanti & Muckenberger, 2017). Supporting the literature an action plan that the address key where development is required along with identified weaknesses and strengths.
In the first week the workshop of the learning outcome was on the Design IT where Dr. Shameem Ali has guided us throughout the course outline. Introduction of the course coordinators and thus provide a significant way to contact the teaching team. As I have learnt the basic concept of Entrepreneurial activities. It is initially the enterprising human actions that pursuits the value of generation, by the creation and expansion of the activities in related to economy. This is done by the identification and exploration new processes, products or markets. Thus, there are several different scales associated by the Design IT, Entrepreneurs who start a new venture basically start an SME (Small and Medium-sized Enterprise)like the small enterprise in business has less than 20 employees and the medium enterprise has more than 20 but less than 200 employees (Furman, 2016). I have done some design like the wallet, VCR and Hand drill. The main aim of this design was to teach the designs can be done according to the required changes. According to the Academic Definition of Stevenson and Jarillo “Entrepreneurship is the process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources they currently control”, Venture Capitalist by Fred Wilson explains “Entrepreneurship is the art of turning an idea into a business”. I have also learnt the concept of Innovation which is the process to discover something new, not only ideas, production but also creating a culture to embrace risks, moving back to better ideas, creating social change and improvement to societyand learn from the mistakes. There are several aspects of innovation: Incremental, Platform, Component and Discontinuous. The four-main spaces of innovation are: Product, Process, Position and Paradigm (Glen, Suciu & Baughn, 2014).
On Week 2, I have learned about the major difference between engineering and design. Engineering is has very narrow aspect that sticks to the solution only and focuses on the area of research. Whereas the design has no limits and gives a massive are of thinking. Different person may have different perspective about the design process (Geissdoerfer, Bocken & Hultink, 2016). The designer may see the matter in a complex way while looking at the model at systematic manner in the sequence of Define, Ideate, Test, Empathize and Prototype. The process of design thinking has stages: The first stage is Empathize that allows a gain to an emphatic understanding of the problem to be solved. There is an involvement of consultants to experts, engaging, observing and empathizing in this stage for others to share their experiences. The second stage is the Define where every information that has been collected in the empathize stage. The third stage is Ideate, where the designers get ready to start generating new ideas. The fourth stage is Prototype where the designer team experiments the design with some other groups outside the designing team. The main aim of the experiment is to identify the best solution for each problem. In the end of this experiment the team either accepts or improves or rejects the design. And finally, in the last stage Test the designs get rechecked and thus identify solution during the phase of prototype (Goldschmidt & Rodgers, 2013).
In Week 3, I have learned the relationship between the quality and the price of the design. Here, the greater the price gets, better quality of product. There was a scope of learning the Perception map that plot the price of the product and quality in 2D charts. This helps in understanding the concept of the quality of the product and thus of the price as well. There is a requirement in the central focus of design thinking as well as the preference and needs. One exceptionally fascinating thing I learn in class is the rationale of thinking which tells what + how=desired (Huq et al., 2017). It is said that in most issue, no less than one variable is absent. In any case, when more than one variable is missing, the intricacy of issue is high.
In the Week 4, I have learned about 1) Problem solving vs Problem finding, 2) Creativity and ideation exercises, 3) Brainstorming as DT tool, 4) Problem finding through spotting the obvious & 5) Visualisation as a DT tool. DT iteratively moves through 4 mental states: Divergent thinking (develops alternatives to the current reality; create choices), Convergent thinking (sort options; make choices), Analysis (break down patterns) and Synthesis (re-assemble the patterns). In configuration considering, finding an issue which is expected isn’t the real issue (Johansson?Sköldberg, Woodilla,& Çetinkaya, 2013). It is the issue which can be explained by the method for advancement. DT instrument used to take care of the issue in various conduct. For evaluation 2 we need to think of an issue which can be fathomed by development (by utilizing DT strategies, conceptualizing). Additionally, today I have experienced a few expressions that stop imagination for an illustration “I’m not saying you’re wrong but” It implies that in each circumstance we tend to make a few reasons which stop us to think innovative (Koh et al., 2015). We must thoroughly consider of box, need to conceptualize our brains with perfect individuals, challenge, mentality, sympathy, help and development. I have understood by the workshop that there are some rules of the Brainstorming rules like: Don’t judge but say yes and Go for quantity. When contemplating things that disappoint, pester you or make you miserable, Attempt to see the ‘self-evident’ and discover answers for it and Utilize the exercises in the following couple of workshops (Leroux et al., 2016).
On week 5 workshop I have learned the Journey mapping, Value chain and Value Mapping, along with the introduction to the research. Journal Mapping as I have understood is a graphical portrayal of client encounter which they had utilize administration or item. It can tell the shopper encounter and by this figure of encounters can be anticipated. Additionally, model of new thoughts can be gotten. Whereas the Value chain empowers each office to include an incentive in item (Levick-Parkin & Hanson, 2015). Each movement to item includes an incentive in item which is offered to purchaser. Every movement has its own cost. From the item crude material provider to the last item, every stage increases the value of item. This additional esteem has fetched on organization which is then pass on to buyer with included some overall revenues.Graphic representation of customer experience as they interact with the product-/service-provider. To establish CURRENT experience;To visualise IDEAL/POSSIBLE experiences; andto visualise PROTOTYPE of new ideas, Assess existing experiences through the customer’s eyes. Assess the idea’s potential for value creation. This is about idea generation, not evaluation. Portrays the classes of exercises inside an association that – when consolidated – make an item or administration. Empowers the investigation of associations regarding sets of exercises, May demonstrate industry overwhelming rationale, Encourages the determination (ID) of skills and assets (capacities), which would then be able to be additionally analysed to check whether they can offer maintainable upper hand, Each arrangement of exercises includes esteem (or if nothing else SHOULD include esteem) to the offering, as saw by clients and Each set additionally includes costs.
On the week 6, I have learned the Research approaches, data types, data sources, Ethics. Designing an ethical project: Interviewing and observing, Co-creation and brief introduction on data analysis. As I have learned there are two sources of data collection: Primary data collection and secondary data collection. Essential information source gives immediate or firsthand confirmation of an occasion, protest, individual, or masterpiece. Essential source incorporates verifiable and authoritative archives, onlooker accounts, and aftereffects of trial, factual information, bits of exploratory writing, sound and video recording, addresses, and craftsmanship objects. Auxiliary sources portray, examine, translate, remark upon, dissect, assess, outline, and process essential sources. Optional source materials can be articles in daily papers or prevalent magazines, book or film audits, or articles found in insightful diaries that talk about or assess another person’s unique research. Meetings for Design Thinking are continuing in precise way. It begins by presenting yourself and your venture. While conduction meet keep away from negative inquiry, endeavor to ask in positive way. Outward appearance, motions, manner of speaking, body development, laugher, noteworthy delays, and so forth are where consideration should be paid. Information investigation is a procedure of review, purifying, changing and displaying information with goal of bringing helpful data, proposing conclusions, and supporting basic leadership. Information examination has numerous aspects and methodologies. Likewise separated from above theme we had additionally have exchange of our next gathering appraisal with the teacher.
The week 7 class layout was investigation of information and idea improvement, Assumption testing, quick prototyping. Investigation of information is a mind-boggling process in which substantial measure of information inspected and to place them in comparative classification. This procedure has a few stages which incorporates analyze, ordering, arranging and testing or recombining the confirmation (Oxman, 2017). The reason for this undertaking is to influence acquainted with the information or data, to distinguish its arrangement and have conclusion on it. Presumption testing is critical in DT. It is something like making inquiries yourself that will customer esteem a specific element of new item or administrations since maker esteem it. It is likewise like shopper will esteem this because the engineer group love the idea. Suppositions’ trying has five stages. Fourth step is to distinguish information to test the most significant suppositions. Furthermore, last advance is to investigate information because especially the refuting finding. Fast Prototyping is snappy and unpleasant show of idea (Plattner, Meinel & Leifer, 2014). The reason this idea is to practical, testable models previously creating expansive measure of cash, time and vitality to building up the genuine article. Rule of quick model is to fabricate model economically, consider models to impart. Later fast prototyping is more refined with more subtle elements and highlights and perhaps 3D plan. Advantages if fast prototyping are representation of considerations, little venture, empowers the early distinguishing proof of blemishes and regions of change.
And in the last 8 weeks, I have learned Learning Launch, Real Launch and Launch Readiness plan (Nobeoka & Kimura, 2016). Learning launch dispatch depends on model and it is fast and economical. The point of this occasion is to learn not to extend offers. Learning dispatch is acquainted in open market with make feel to the customer. Additionally, makers must be open for input. While nothing new is about investigation in gathering room, revealing a completed item, accomplishing flawlessness and creating financials. A portion of the inquiries must be responded in due order regarding fruitful learning dispatch, for example, item or administrations endeavoring to accomplish, suspicions which will be tried amid dispatch, measurements which will gauge the achievement of your presumptions being tried and budgetary capital necessities does the learning dispatch have. It should construct and look after force. Genuine dispatch requires watchful arranging (Mootee 2013). It likewise expects venture to build up the answer for a dispatch arrange, to elevate the item to the market, to make a greater and more appropriate improvement group and to discover effective providers and deals areas. Dispatch Readiness design is like dispatch design, go-to advertise plan, or showcasing plan.
The Design thinking models in business or any other innovation sectors sets out to define the tactics of an enterprise creating, delivering and capturing market values (Mitchell & Esmann, 2016). The model is a basic structure that has been created to initial a complex problem and make it easier to renovate the problem or make a development from some innovative aspect. This is mainly done for the betterment of the work process or for the development of the society.
There are 10 major Design Thinking tools that are used to identify and execute opportunities for innovation and growth (Miller, 2017). These tools include:
Therefore this Design Thinking Process has been divided into five stages: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test. The first stage in the process is to learn about the audience from whom the request has been received, second is redefining and focusing on the question based on the insights a from the empathy stage, third is coming up with creative ideas and brainstorming solutions, Fourth is building up a representation of more than one idea and also merging up other ideas and lastly in the fifth stage is returning to the initial stage and user group to test the ideas and get a feedback accordingly.
In Assessment 1 I have done an ‘Individual Assignment’ where we were asked to ‘Design a Poster’ according to the modules that has already been conducted. In the poster I have shown the primary concept of the Design Thinking along with the quotes, the various stages of DT, the benefits of using Design Thinking and the reference from where I got the clear idea of the basic concepts of Design Thinking. I have quoted the statement of Razzouk in the poster where it has been described that design thinking is basically described as analytic and creative process that may engage a person in various opportunities to experiment, create and prototype. I understood that the design thinking quite complex in the initial stage of the process but gets more understandable while reaching to the end. Design Thinking has its effectiveness over the solving complex problem which has not been defined properly at the initial stage. This is done by re-framing the issues in a human-centric way by the help of some group discussion that commonly helps in reproducing brainstorming ideas, prototype and thus are been execute and tested as there are five stages by which the design thinking process has to undergo to initiate an effective idea for the society.
I have done the second assessment on ‘Design of An Android Application for Promoting Creative Skills for 8-16 Year Olds’. This was a group project that includes Design Thinking by identifying problems with traditional learning process, Newly undertaken activities, processes in design thinking, different design thinking tools, the tools that are much appropriate for the project requirement and finally displays the expect outcome of the module. In this assessment we have shown that the Design Thinking process helps the app developer to provide wider opportunities and innovative ideas to the user. Advanced technologies are using in every field, but after analyzing the current status of education, it has been found that the traditional learning and teaching approach is facing major issues due to lack of usage of technology throughout. Further explaining the tools. In DT and how these can be used for the betterment of the project work. Application level security verification and Enterprise security API are two recommendations for planning the app security.
Conclusion
Thus, from the above blogs I concluded that the idea of Design Thinking could be applied across diverse disciplines. From the law and educational to ICT fields, the principles of design thinking and empowers a professional for approaching the problem statements. Design thinking primary concept on analyzing and synthesizing has made some great heights. The total flow of designed thinking has five categories which are Empathize or Understand, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test or Verify. Design Thinking along with coming up with innovative solution also helps to address the accurate issue that are faced by the customer and thus targets the total customer’s requirement in the best possible path.
References
Filatro, A., Cavalcanti, C. C., &Muckenberger, E. (2017). Design Thinking and Online Education.
Furman, W. (2016). Teaching with Design Thinking.
Geissdoerfer, M., Bocken, N. M., &Hultink, E. J. (2016). Design thinking to enhance the sustainable business modelling process–A workshop based on a value mapping process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1218-1232.
Glen, R., Suciu, C., &Baughn, C. (2014). The need for design thinking in business schools. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(4), 653-667.
Goldschmidt, G., & Rodgers, P. A. (2013). The design thinking approaches of three different groups of designers based on self-reports. Design Studies, 34(4), 454-471.
Huq, A., Huq, A., Gilbert, D., & Gilbert, D. (2017). All the world’sa stage: transforming entrepreneurship education through design thinking. Education+ Training, 59(2), 155-170.
Johansson?Sköldberg, U., Woodilla, J., &Çetinkaya, M. (2013). Design thinking: past, present and possible futures. Creativity and Innovation Management, 22(2), 121-146.
Koh, J. H. L., Chai, C. S., Benjamin, W., & Hong, H. Y. (2015). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and design thinking: A framework to support ICT lesson design for 21st century learning. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(3), 535-543.
Leroux, E., Wagner, E., Boughan, M., & Wagner, A. (2016). 292 Exploring the Role of Simulation in Design Thinking: Redesigning the Emergency Medicine Patient Experience Through a Simulated 12-Bed Treatment Area. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 68(4), S114.
Levick-Parkin, M., & Hanson, M. (2015). Design thinking together: how to share the ‘designerly’way of looking at things in order to co-create insights relevant to research participants.
Liedtka, J. (2014). Innovative ways companies are using design thinking. Strategy & Leadership, 42(2), 40-45.
Miller, P. N. (2017). IS “DESIGN THINKING” THE NEW LIBERAL ARTS?. The Evolution of Liberal Arts in the Global Age, 167.
Mitchell, D., &Esmann, M. (2016). TAKING DESIGN THINKING TO EAST, WEST, AND SOUTHERN AFRICA. Taking Design Thinking to School: How the Technology of Design Can Transform Teachers, Learners, and Classrooms, 67.
Mootee, I. (2013). Design thinking for strategic innovation: What they can’t teach you at business or design school. John Wiley & Sons.
Nobeoka, K., & Kimura, M. (2016, September). Art thinking beyond design thinking Mazda design: Car as art. In Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 2016 Portland International Conference on (pp. 2499-2514). IEEE.
Oxman, R. (2017). Thinking difference: Theories and models of parametric design thinking. Design Studies, 52, 4-39.
Plattner, H., Meinel, C., &Leifer, L. (Eds.). (2014). Design Thinking Research: Building Innovators. Springer.
Seidel, V. P., &Fixson, S. K. (2013). Adopting design thinking in novice multidisciplinary teams: The application and limits of design methods and reflexive practices. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(S1), 19-33.
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