Discuss about the Importance Of Mortality Surveillance.
The mortality surveillance in the India project was highly effective, as tracking the deaths by different organizations showed the discrepancies between ways of data collection, and recording, which allowed comparisons across geographic locations. Improving the disaster death data, is likely to improve the data accuracy, and quality of disaster related death reports (Rocha, et al., 2017). These reports are likely to be more accurate than the death certificates. Mortality surveillance is vital in identifying populations at risk, it could monitor the efforts done in the disaster, and rapidly detects the outbreaks.
The surveillance tracking sheet:
The surveillance tracking sheet allows the scene investigator to record the initial evaluation of the disaster. According to Rocha, et al. (2017), the tracking sheet includes, plans, and procedures that describe after death operation investigations. It also, includes guidelines for reporting the number of deaths, and death certificates to record the causes, and manners of deaths. The sheet is used by the personnel involved in the disaster response to record information related to the event and the victims. According to The World Health Organization (2012), it is important to find the surveillance tracking sheet online to guarantee its regular update, and achieve the old sheets to recall them when needed.
The surveillance tracking sheet
|
Type of disaster |
Number of deaths |
Cause of death |
Date |
Comments and Follow up |
|
Hurricane |
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|
Heat wave |
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|
Tornado |
||||
|
Technological disaster |
||||
|
Flood |
||||
|
Terrorism |
||||
|
Earthquake |
Source: Rocha, et al., 2017,
Disease surveillance is important as the number of people in infection with communicable disease counts for millions. According to The World Health Organization (2011) Communicable disease could be considered as a disaster, as they may cause epidemics, and pandemics, for example, the four influenza pandemics that happened in the last century caused over than 50 million deaths. Communicable disease surveillance can help in the fast detection of the causes of the epidemic, and ensures rapid control. Also, it can make an early warning of new and reemerging epidemic diseases.
The importance of non-communicable disease surveillance:
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) lead the cause of deaths globally, according to The World Health Organization (2010), they cause about 80% of deaths in low, and middle income countries. It is important to map the epidemic of the NCDs, and its main causes, the data gathered through the surveillance process can help in reducing the main risk factors through promoting activities, and primary prevention efforts, and providing health care services to people already affected by the NCDs.
Diabetes could be tracked by monitoring the blood pressure levels, glycemic control, and foot care in order to prevent being injured (World Health Organization, 2010). These tracking methods are effective in low and middle income countries.
Four methods could be used to track diabetes incidence in Australia:
The Australian government formulated the national diabetes strategy 2016-2020 to assist in reducing the diabetes incidence in Australia, according to The Australian government- Department of Health (2015), four methods to track diabetes incidences are as follows:
Reflection:
Caring of animals is very important, as they have rights that should be protected. The governmental fail to include animals in planning might results in an unacceptable economic and, social costs. The official concern about animals’ rights pleased me too much, as I care about them especially in disaster times. Integrating animals into emergency management various stages of the disaster cycle will lower the probability of their harm, and deaths. Also, the establishment of the national advisory committee will enable citizens to get necessary advice in case of emergencies. Different types of disasters require different treatments. According to National Advisory Committee for Animals in Emergencies (n.d.), the climate change cause natural disasters, which may prevent the livestock from food, and shelter. I believe that animals are part of our lives, they contribute to the human wellbeing, and the failure to account for their safety puts the human life at risk, accordingly, their integration in the disaster planning is a must.
Create: Activities which enable students to apply their new knowledge:
Reflection:
Many people refuse to leave their pets and animals in the disaster time, and they insist to rescue them. Animals’ deaths due to natural disasters increase the harm feelings of humans (International Fund for Animal Welfare, 2009). In India, the foundation of the International Animal Rescue offers aid to suffering animals around the world. They try to return the rescued animals to their natural environments, and provide necessary help to animals that can no longer live in the wild. The foundation strives to increase the public awareness of ways to treat animals, and provide training to the students and individuals to be experienced in caring of animals (International Animal Rescue, 2012). The Blue Cross of India help in protecting animals from humans, the climate, and other parties that have special interests, as sports, and entertainment. It provides animals with necessary drugs, and vaccines. It could successfully pan the government from killing Karakul lambs (Blue Cross of India, 2014). Many efforts are made by several non-profit organizations within India to help in rescuing an animal at disaster time, and to maintain a good life to them in normal times.
Reflection
One of the most disastrous events I have ever witnessed was the earthquake, as they frequently happen in India. The intensity of the ground shake is usually very high. The earthquake that took place in 2015 caused severe damages in the buildings and the spirits. The concrete structure of the buildings is not safe as it is not flexible, and could break apart easily. The middle income neighborhoods were severely impacted than the poorest people in the poorest areas, as their houses are often simpler in design, and made of wood, and plastic. According to ACAPS (2012), the destruction of assets caused by floods is greater than those caused by floods. The rubble caused by the earthquakes should be removed before reconstruction. Over the period of 1999 to 2009, more than 91.85% of people living in the disaster areas were killed due to injury directly caused by the collapse of buildings, and the delay in rescuing them.
Reflection:
Regarding the disaster of the worst massacre of Australia, when a mass shooting towards Port Arthur with more than 640 thousand weapons turned to the authorities. The lessons learned from this disaster reveals that differences between the politicians’ point of views control the consequences of events. The Australian government could change its gun laws as a result of the terrible massacre in order to protect peoples’ lives, but USA had a different opinion regarding similar disaster. Also, cultural differences control the official reaction of the governments to the disaster consequences (Grimson, 2016). The massive disaster could be a cause to major social reforms.
Create: Discussion of the disaster that occurred in my home country and how I felt about it at the time:
Although, tensions may take place between Muslims and Hindu from time to time, but was never as severe as the massacre of 1948. Historically, the massive Indian massacre took place in 1947, when India was partitioned. According to Thomson (2013), about half a million of people died due to communal rioting. These disaster took place along the borders with Pakistan. In 1948, another massacre took place in India after the independence from Britain, when tens of thousands of Indians were slaughtered in Hyderabad state. Political fear of Muslim states was the main reason behind the two terrible massacres of India. The Muslim villagers were not armed by the Indian army, but Hindus were allowed to be armed.
Forward planning that could be done to reduce the impact of a tsunami:
According to The UNESCO (2011), and The UNDP (2011), the planning towards the reduction of the tsunami impact could be as follows:
Reflection:
Biological agents could take different forms, including, bacterial, viral, and toxic agents. All of these types are very dangerous as they cause major impact on the public health resulting in illness. The health authority should notify the medical practitioners regarding the level of threat from the biological agent to be ready to prepare the medical practitioners to detect the diseases, and provide a treatment to infected people. Infectious agents could cause severe diseases as anthrax, smallpox, plague, and Ebola, they affect people immediately after exposure (Australian Governmnet- Department of Health, 2015). Bioterrorism attacks are very harmful, which do not occur naturally, the medical experts can differentiate them from other natural diseases. Anthrax has a major harmful impact as a biological weapon agent as it generates large quantities of spores that remain in the environment for long years. Food is likely to be infected with biological agents, and should be tested to assure it is free of infection. The Australian public health made a response plan to respond to the chemical biological incidents, and their consequences. Arrangements set out within the plan maintains vigilance of early detection of the causes, and post exposure treatment. Also, the plan considers vaccination of high risk groups (Commonwealth of Australia, 2012). It is important to make public awareness through effective communication strategies in case the chemical biological incidents happen.
Learning:
Concerning the problem of the Malaysian Airlines flight 370, which disappeared in its journey from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing, and resulted in the death of 239 people who had been on board. The human error occurred in the way the Malaysia Airlines – the main responsible for the flight -communicated the families of the victims. The families are considered the main stakeholder in this situation, but the company did not communicate the families in a human way. The company could not reveal the true reasons behind the accident. Accordingly, rumors, conspiracy theories, and speculations took place due to missing information from the official responsible entities concerning the facts behind the disappearance of the plane. Also, the families of the victims were kept in the hotel rooms in Malaysia for weeks after the disappearance of the plane, and they should have been sent home, and supplied with information updates regularly. The missing of the black box, and the bodies made the situation more complicated as no explanation was provided. The Malaysian government was accused of mismanagement of its aftermath. The contradictory actions of the government worsen the situation (Mintz, 2014). It is obvious that the Malaysian government was not prepared for a crisis management, as it could not respond with appropriate actions.
Reflection:
References
Commonwealth of Australia. (2012). Anthrax: Public health response plan for Australia.
ACAPS. (2012). Disaster summery sheet earthquakes.
Australian government- Department of health. (2015). Australian national duabetes strategy.
Australian Governmnet- Department of Health. (2015, August 04). Overview of biological agents that could be used in a terrorist act. Retrieved from Department of Health: https://www.health.gov.au
Blue Cross of India. (2014). 50 th annual report.
Grimson, M. (2016, April 28). Port Arthur massacre: The shooting spree that changed Australia’s gun laws. Retrieved from NBC News: www.nbcnews.com
International Animal Rescue. (2012). Bangalore, India volunteer guide.
International Fund for Animal Welfare. (2009). Unnatural disasters.
Mintz, Z. (2014, June 16). A disastrous void: Why the MH370 public response failed . Retrieved from International Business Times: https://www.ibtimes.com
National Advisory Committee for Animals in Emergencies. (n.d.). National planning principles for animals in disasters.
Rocha, L., Fromknecht,, C., Davis, S., Brady, J., Hodge, S., & Noe, R. (2017). Medicolegal death scene investigations after natural disaster- and weather-related events: A review of the literature. Academic Forensic Pathology International.
Thomson, M. (2013, Sept. 24). Hyderabad 1948: India’s hidden massacre. Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com
UNDP. (2011). Risk assessment and management for tsunami hazard- Case study of hte port city of Galle.
UNESCO. (2011). Reducing and managing the risk of tsunamis.
World Health Organization. (2010). Global status report on on noncommunicable diseases.
World Health Organization. (2011). Disaster risk management for health communicable diseases.
World Health Organization. (2012). Tracking sheet expolratory notes.
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