Discuss About The Importance Stakeholder Management Tourism.
Cultural Heritage Management (CHM) is the practice for the management of the cultural heritage sites. It forms a part of the cultural resources management and comprise of the practices of restoration, safeguarding of culture, museology, archaeology, architecture and history. It has been related to the recognition, interpretation, safeguarding and preservation of the cultural sites and assets of physical heritage. It also comprises of traditional skills, cultures and languages (Bolhassan, 2018).
So, in this report, the analysis of the sustainability principles of cultural heritage management and the influence of variations in the climate shall be assessed. The principles and practices of CHM for implementing at the Kakadu National Park and its stakeholders shall be evaluated .The problems confronted by the cultural heritage site and the role of public and private sectors in conducting the environmental and cultural initiatives along with recommendations to resolve the issues shall also be discussed.
As per Nocca (2017) sustainability principles can be defined as framework aiming at accomplishment the objectives of the economic, environmental and social improvement both at the local and international level. This procedure pertains to the relationship of interdependence, safeguarding and improvement of the natural resources in order to meet the necessities of the present generations without compromising the capability of the future generations to meet their own needs.
Cultural Heritage plays a crucial role in the accomplishment of 2030 agenda for sustainable development. It has been mentioned in these principles that the cultural and natural heritage should be protected and safeguarded. Efforts should be strengthened to safeguard and protect the cultural and natural heritage of Kakadu National Park in Australia.
As per Australia ICOMOS (2013) The Burra Charter was adopted in 1979 at the famous mining town Burra which is situated in South Australia. Its latest version was adopted in October 2013 by Australia International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). It sets a standard of practices for advising and decision making and execution of works related to preservation of places of cultural significance. It specifies the role of various stakeholders such as owners, management and custodians in preserving and maintaining the places of cultural significance in Australia.
In this regard, impact of change in climatic conditions on Kakadu National Park which is situated in the Northern territory of Australia has affected its cultural heritage up to a great extent. Due to the increase in the concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases has resulted in changes in rainfall and temperature of the area in which the park is located. It is one of the largest tropics of world and safeguards the largest variety of ecosystems in the Australian continent. The changes in the climate have also affected the productivity and various biological processes of the area.
The CHM principles and practices in the context of stakeholder management shall be applied on the Kakadu National Park in the following manner. According to Australia Climate Change Strategic Overview 2009-2014, the recommended principles have been outlined. Firstly, a good knowledge of the effects of climate change should enable the stakeholders to plan and prepare for the effective responses to mitigate the effects of climate change. The effects and responses of the changes in natural and cultural elements of the park should be monitored and appropriate programs should be designed to accomplish the desired outcomes.
Secondly, the process should be initiated by engaging the various stakeholders like aboriginal people, the local historians, various recreation groups etc. for comprehending the values of the park and places in it and negotiating the heritage management results with them .Thirdly, the data related to the identification of the places , values and landscapes should be analyzed using a place based approach.
The forth step would be to map cultural heritage to integrate all the cultural information of the national park. The fifth step would be to plan for the cultural values and management. The planning and assessment of the cultural values of the park should be evaluated and the cultural value management should be integrated into the managerial framework .The sixth and the last step would be to integrate the heritage planning into the managerial framework of the park(NSW Government ,2010).
The sustainability principles and strategies can be applied with the help of Commonwealth legislation which has facilitated the joint management arrangements with the several aboriginal community councils. The creation of board of management has also assisted in involving the aboriginal people in the preparation of plans and administration of the park. Most of the members of the board represent the aboriginal traditional owners of the region (Lawrence, n.d.).
The problems faced by the Kakadu National Park are that due to the changes in climate , the biodiversity of the park has greatly been affected which in turn shall influence the ecosystem and the tourism and recreational activities. The decrease in the bio diversity has resulted in disturbances to the functioning of eco system and the loss of its services.
Apart from this, the ecological impacts result in changed connections between the organisms and the environment. It includes variations in their breeding, development, growth , competition and mortality .These impacts are highly affected by the climate change since the interaction amongst the various species result in transformed food, habitat and the predation habits of the animals.
As per Director of National Parks (2016) the commitment towards stakeholder management and sustainability is addressed by implementation of the Kakadu National Park Management Plan 2016-2026. According to the plan, it’s structure revolves around joint arrangement which protects the cultural and natural values of the park.
It sets out various strategies which explains the actions to be taken for accomplishing the objectives described in the plan. It also states how the authorities will enable and administer the various visitor and stakeholder activities according to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 .Several legislations such as Environmental reform (Consequential Provisions )Act 1999 has been applied for declaring the park as the area which is to be preserved in its natural conditions. It has also been established for motivating and monitoring the suitable utilization , appreciation and enjoyment of the park by the general public.
As per Ventura, Cassalia and Spina (2016) stakeholders should be involved and they should be encouraged to participate in the planning processes. Stakeholder management is the trend to analyze the role of public, private and informational sectors in the environmental and cultural initiatives. It emphasizes the importance of considering and valuing the necessities of the local population surrounding the national park. The stakeholders involved in the tourism management planning include the neighbors and the residents of the national park. The farmers, foresters, fishermen, hunters, the tourism providers and tourist’s agencies also form a part of the stakeholder group.
According to the opinion of Peri?, ?urkin and Lamot (2014) the issues regarding the roles of public, private and informational sectors obstruct the implementation of sustainable tourism. The problems are often associated with preferences, organization and resources of the stakeholders. The issues relating to not giving the priority to the local residents by the government has been a major problem in the implementation of the environmental and cultural initiates.
Another problem is the language issues faced by the local public. They do not have the knowledge of the international language of English. So, the local public needs to be educated and trained so that they can accomplish the excellence of sustainable tourism (Begum, Alamb and Sahazali,2014).
Furthermore, the intangible cultural heritage can be defined as the practices, knowledge and skills related to the individual groups and communities who are recognized as a part of their cultural heritage. The sustainability of the intangible CHM totally depends upon the physical environment of the gatekeepers and knowledge brokers or guides and their ways of sharing and transferring the knowledge. The displays in the museums, archeological documents and collection in the library attempts to preserve the diversified culture of the groups .Researchers also play a crucial role by calling the indigenous people so that they can share their cultural knowledge with the cultural institutions so that they can sustain and safeguard their cultural heritage (Krakouer, 2015).
As per NSW Government (2011) suitable partnerships should be developed with the aboriginal people and with other stakeholders in order to promote good working relationships and building the feeling of trust to preserve their cultural heritage. Standards should be set for effectively engaging the Aboriginal people. Opportunities should be promoted for partnerships and agreements amongst the Aboriginal people and the landowners and managers pertaining to their objects, places and significant characteristics.
Partnering the communities of aboriginal people in order to nurture a two way understanding of the requirements and implementation of the procedures to protecting their cultural heritage and values would be an excellent step for improving the existing sustainable strategies. Communication should be enhanced with external and internal stakeholders so that greater understanding should be developed and cultural heritage values of the aboriginal people should be appreciated. With the help of their professional judgment, the policy makers shall assess the significance of the objects and places of aboriginal communities, analyze the nature of the harm done to their heritage and implement good conservational outcomes in order to preserve their natural heritage and culture (Northern Territory Governmnet , 2016).
Conclusion
Hence , in order to conclude, it can be said that in order to anticipate , find and resolve the problems relating to preservation of cultural diversity and heritage of Kakadu National Park , skills and knowledge should be applied for recognizing, prioritizing and solving the problems related to environment, cultural heritage and conservation .The risks arising in this behalf should be analyzed so that accomplishable ,measurable and cost efficient solutions can be applied to resolve them. Lastly, the stakeholders should be made aware of their statutory responsibilities so that they can take suitable steps whenever and wherever necessary.
References
Australia ICOMOS (2013) .The Business Charter. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31_10_2013.pdf
Begum, H., Alamb , F. and Sahazali, N.(2014) .Tourist’s perceptions towards the role of stakeholders in sustainable tourism. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144 ( 2014 ), 313 – 321.
Bolhassan,R.(2018). Safeguarding Sarawak’s Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Knowledge Management Approach. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/7020/thesis_access.pdf?sequence=1
Director of National Parks( 2016). Kakadu National Park MANAGEMENT PLAN 2016-2026. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/1f88c5a3-409c-4ed9-9129-ea0aaddd4f33/files/kakadu-management-plan-2016-2026.pdf
Krakouer,J.(2015). Literature review relating to the current context and discourse on Indigenous cultural awareness in the teaching space: Critical pedagogies and improving Indigenous learning outcomes through cultural responsiveness. Australian Council for Educational Research. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://research.acer.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.co.in/&httpsredir=1&article=1043&context=indigenous_education
Lawrence, D.(n.d.). Managing Parks/Managing ‘Country’: Joint Management of Aboriginal Owned Protected Areas in Australia . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/RP9697/97rp2#KAKADU
Nocca , F.(2017) . The Role of Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development: Multidimensional Indicators as Decision-Making Tool. Sustainability, 9(1882), 1-28.
Northern Territory Governmnet (2016). Howard Springs Nature Park Plan of Management October 2016. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://parliament.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/398965/194.-Plan-of-Management,-Howard-Springs-Nature-Park,-October-2016.pdf
NSW Government (2010). Cultural landscapes A practical guide for park management. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/cultureheritage/20100052CulturalLandscapes.pdf
NSW Government (2011). Operational Policy: Protecting Aboriginal cultural heritage. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/cultureheritage/110396oppolach.pdf
Peri?, M., ?urkin, J. and Lamot , I.(2014). Importance of Stakeholder Management In Tourism Project: Case Study Of The ISTRA Inspirit Project. Tourism and Hospitality Industry 2014, Congress Proceedings. Retrieved June 13th , 2018 https://www.fthm.uniri.hr/files/Kongresi/THI/Papers/2014/THI_May2014_273to286.pdf
Ventura, C., Cassalia, G. and Spina, L.D.(2016) .New models of public private partnership in cultural heritage sector: Sponsorships between models and traps. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223 ( 2016 ) ,257 – 264.
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