Discuss About The Journal Of Clothing Science And Technology.
Utilization of toll roads has been increasingly dramatically in most of the countries all around the world. These facilities are responsible for carrying most of the daily trips through the transportation network. Although high level of service is offered by the expressways. These toll roads are considered as the safest means of transportation among all the other types of roads.The toll roads effectively provides benefits of high mobility management the traditional facilities of the toll pose a threat of traffic safety risk. Most of the road accident crashes takes place in the toll expressways, most of which occurs at the toll plazas due to collisions.
The toll plaza of BaguTiga was an unused toll plaza after the abolition of toll there, posing a threat to the lives of thousands of motorists on a daily basis(Thestar.com.my, 2018). The toll plaza being a free passage now, the motorists are no more caring to slow down on arriving at the gates of the toll. The gates of the toll are quite narrow therefore the motorists must ideally slowdown to get a safe passage. Instead they are trying to get past these plazas by speeding over the legal limits in order to slip through the narrow passages. Even some cars have been noticed trying to switch lanes at high speeds near these unused toll plazas. This is creating a risk of collapsing with other vehicles, which could lead to fatal accidents. While speeding through these narrow lanes often the driver loses control of the car, making the vehicle collapse against the toll booths. Other damages include crashing of the cars against the pillars of the tolls, leading to grazing and hitting the curbs at the toll collection cabins. After the abolition of the tolls in these routes, the flow of vehicle has also increased which also poses a threat. Before the abolition of the toll taxes, the vehicles used to slow down, but now these gigantic concrete and metal structures are relatively close to the vehicles as the motorists try to speed down through them. There is no more restrictions at these places therefore the drivers keep honking at each other urging others to drive faster on approaching the toll plaza(Thesundaily.my, 2018). This is highly dangerous. Additionally after the toll collection ceased, there is no provision of lights at the toll plazas, decreasing the visibility and thus increasing risks for the motorists at night. There are also no hazard lights to indicate the presence of the huge structures to warn the drivers.
The systems approach acts as a guide in order to develop an incident analysis system that is comprehensive and is directed towards the individuals who are responsible for the supervision and injury business management and prevention within the framework of an organization. It is basically a dour step process which helps in describing the pitfalls of the processes and the failures that helps in improving the system that is relatively more efficient and effectively. The analysis can be focused by use of the four steps.
The steps involved in analysing an accident are “Fact Finding”, “System Analysis”, “Countermeasures” and “Monitoring”(Underwood andWaterson 2013). The first step involves finding of facts that is required for the analysis which uses the techniques of fact-finding. The next step deals with systems analysis for which the facts are needed to be identified. For this the system should ask the questions such as why the incident occurred and the data must be recorded. The next step is that of counter-measurement. For this a plan needs to be developed to provide a corrective action for the steps one and two. Accountability should be placed on the organization responsible for correcting the situation. There should be a mention of the date of completion of the task to provide better understanding and knowledge within the organization. The last step is monitoring. This helps to evaluate the effectiveness with which the corrective plan is being implemented (Underwood, Watersonand Braithwaite 2016). The systems of monitoring should make sure that changes are being implemented that are required to become new organizational habits. Both the people and the organizations revert back to the practices of the past. In order to ensure that the old habits are stopped, the monitoring of the positive changes should be of prime importance.
This step of incident analysis quite simple. The analysers of the incidence gather facts and information regarding the incidence. The steps should include acknowledging all the possible causes of the incidence. Ideas that may be preconceived might result in following of wrong paths while some of the facts remains untouched. The analysers must have a habit of making notes of the ideas while they occur, however no conclusions must be drawn from them, until there is a completion of the full information gathering step (WiegmannandShappell2017). Only collection of facts is required during step one, and not the solutions. It is the human nature to try to find solutions as soon as it is found, although such thing should be avoided. Competitiveness of finding the answers and other human interactions should be avoided to ensure an effective step for fact collection. If the problems are fixed then it will provide barriers in the path of asking questions. Additionally the solution provided might be incomplete or inaccurate, since all the discoveries may have not been made related to the incident. Once a solution has been thought of, it becomes very difficult to back to the fact-fining process. It is difficult and challenging, but care must be taken that only facts are gathered during Step One (Underwood andWaterson2013). This model of analysis of incidents provides guidelines for unmasking the determined causes and also reduces the tendency of the looking at the facts alone. Some of the analysers choose to place some of the sample questions in the various categories, although such is not necessary. There is a possibility of overlap in-between the categories, which refers to the real life situations evidently.
System thinkers tend to see things from a different perspective. They are of the idea that everything is sorted in systems, and the system comprises interdependent parts or subsystems. The existence of each system is present to accomplish a definitive purpose and there is a requirement for all the parts of the systems in order to obtain the purpose. It is stated that “Safety does not stand alone; it must operate effectively, in balance, with other parts for the system to accomplish its purpose.” During this stage of analysis there must be a knowledge as to how and where the incident has happened. For knowing these facts there has been an investment of considerable amount of effort, which reflects only the first step of the analyses process. Next question that comes in the perspective is “why”. This question is mandatory for evaluating the system analysis and discovering the system that lies beneath the organizations (Shiand Abdel-Aty2015). In order to eliminate the reoccurrence of same incidents, it is important for the analysers to understand the reasons behind the incident for accomplishing a systems change. The analysers must be open minded towards all the possibilities and look for all the facts that are pertinent in nature. There may still be existence of certain gaps in the acknowledging the sequence of events that have led to the incident. It is required to re-interview some witnesses sometimes, in order to fill in these gaps in the acquired knowledge. On completion of the analysis there should be a step by step record as to what happened which acts as the conclusion. The “whys” are the key to system analysis and discovery of system failures. Each conclusion should be surveyed to perceive whether there is support of evidence, the evidence is direct or not (physical or documentary) or can be based on the accounts of the eyewitnesses and the whether the evidence is based on assumptions. Although assumptions are important, but it should be considered with caution as they may be an opinion that leads to misguidance. Once there are new discoveries added to causes of the occurrence of the incidence, then the next step of finding solutions or counter-measurements can be entered (Omar et al.2017).
The major purpose of step three is to suggest a set of well-established recommendations or suggestions that can be designed in order to prevent the occurrence of similar incidents in the future. Once there is knowledge of the processes of work that is involved and the overall situation in the concerned organization, it will not be too difficult to design some realistic recommendations. The recommendentations offered should be specific, constructive, should acknowledge the issues of the concerned organisation and prioritize using the high impact, low impact, easy or difficult to implement matrix. . The process of tell, show, demonstrate, and monitor should be followed, but training as a hazard control should be considered the control of last choice. With the exception of total automation, it is often a combination of all these controls that will be needed for providing recommendations (UnderwoodandWaterson 2013).
It is the duty of the management to act upon the recommendation that is provided by the analysers in respect of the incident analysis. The safety communities, id f such is present, can monitor the progression of these actions, which is a part of their responsibility. The corrections being made the committee often puts up statements like “We are all done; this is great, and we have fixed the problems.”, however this is not the ideal case since the change is not lasting (Leveson2015). People and organizations will revert back to old systems and practices if not monitored. Monitoring should be periodic until you feel comfortable the changes have become an embedded part of the organization, or they really are new habits or work processes. The process of monitoring should be periodic until there is a feeling of satisfaction that the change has been implemented into the core of the organization. Actions that follow includes: Response to the recommendations through a report which explains what can be done and cannot, including thewhy or why not, development of a routine for corrective actions is required, Monitoring actions scheduled for completion, making sure to insure changes which are still in process working and Informing and training the other workers at risk (Clayton and Radcliffe2015).
Based on the basics of Systems Theory, an accident analysis model is designed known as Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). This technique is applied for the constraints related to safety in the context of safety design, operation and development. A systemic view of the casualty occurred is provided by this analysis technique, along with the examination in terms of non-linear, indirect, and feedback relationships between the occurred events. The systems are seen as hierarchical structures by STAMP, along with the multiple levels of control (Underwood, Waterson and Braithwaite 2016). There is imposing of the hierarchy on the activity constraints especially on the levels beneath it that leads to the losses of safety constraints which had not been successfully implemented. The safety control structure might fade gradually, which will allow the movement to conditions of elevated risk.
The dynamic nature of the system is reflected through STAMP, which is able to identify the inappropriate features and missing aspects of the constraints. Feedback analysis and operational control is required for the proceedings which successfully replaces the traditional chain-of-events model. One technique was developed based on the fundamentals of STAMP. This technique of CAST helps to provide a framework for examination of the total process of the entire accident process involved in the accident, identify the most important systemic causal factors involved, with a focus on why the accident occurred and thereby succeeding in preventing future occurrences. The analysis steps follows a distinct sequence for the performance in this work. There has been slight change with the proximate event being presented prior to the start of the main analysis of the accident.
Conclusion
From the above discussion it can be concluded that inspite of the beneficial roles of the toll roads or the expressways, they project a huge threat to the occurrence of accidents near the toll plazas, especially near the ones which are unused. The report successfully highlights the possible reasons of the accidents near the plazas being free passage due to abolition of the toll taxes, narrow passages, changing of lanes rapidly and loss of control by the motorists. The annotated diagram describes the interdependence of the factors on each other. The systems approach theory provides an efficient tool for analysing the accident that has occurred by use of a four-stepped method of fact-finding, system analysis, recommendations and monitoring. This system helps in appropriate identification of the causes of the incidence along with provision of solutions to work on the identified causes of the accident.
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