Cloud is a phrase that appears to come from the network that acts as the internet, representational clouds or different parts of it. Cloud computing is the actions that take place when the services and the applications are moved to the cloud (internet). Cloud computing has became apparent steadily. When the computer systems time-shared computing applications and human resources management is the time cloud computing can be traced [1]. In most cases especially in the current word we are living as at now, various types of applications and services are being moved in the internet cloud and the tools used to access these applications do not need any unique applications.
Examples of the characteristics include the following:
Shared infrastructure: allows the sharing of networking, physical services and storage capabilities through utilization of visualized software design. Cloud infrastructure tries as much as possible to use the infrastructure available across several users, despite its deployment model. Dynamic provisioning: based on existing requirements this one permits for service’s provision. To allow for the contraction and expansion of service capability as required, it is automatically achieved using software automation [2]. High levels of security and reliability are highly required to be maintained when carrying the intense scaling.
Network access: wide range of tools such as laptops, PC’s and mobile devices should be used to access network through standard-based APIs such as that based on HTTP across the internet. Utilization of applications of a business to the newest application on the latest smart phones is what services’ deployment in the cloud is all about.
Managed metering: reporting information, managing the services and offering billing are both achieved through utilization of metering. In such a way, the exact amount the end-users utilize during the billing period is used to charge them for services accordingly. To summarize, cloud computing allows the scalable deployment and sharing of services as required, form any region and for which based on the actual utilization the end-user can be charged.
Due to the increase in population chaos are being witnessed in the city traffic. Looking for a place to park your car is a tedious process since It is a task that is time consuming and is results to discomfort. This is one the issues that has lead to the increase in fuel consumption. Increased vehicular traffic has negative impact on the environment. The need for a smart solution has been propagated by the emergency of smart town era [3]. To solve these problems and meet the growing need for the parking lots. Companies that manage the parking are working hard technologically to come up better advanced solutions. Real time parking availability can be achieved by using a smart parking application that is cloud-based. This will allow monitoring the parking lots therefore offering better services to consumers and minimizing the tasks of the parking manager.
One of the great impacts of the ever increasing population in the urban areas is the growing traffic in the towns. A lot of fuel is consumed and time wasted when a driver is going round looking for an empty lot to park. As drivers keep on looking, it results to increase in traffic. High vehicle exhaust release affects the environment negatively. Due to this there is need for a reservation based smart parking.
To help users find the most appropriate section for parking, making reservation and if need be extend them is the main goal of smart parking application. Smart parking application will helps the parking managers to manage and define parking spaces and allow parking operators to verify against users’ reservations when they enter the parking section. With the use of a mobile application, users get to access information for the location and ask system services through the mobile then the parking administrator does validation of the reservation through the application. Details of the parking area may be controlled by the packing managers through the web application. The emphasis made by the smart parking application is the utilization of cloud computing to enhance user services
Parking management firms are striving to implement technologically and better advanced solutions in order to meet the growing need for parking lots. Different methods have been put in use to effect a wide distribution of parking availability through different ways [4]. With the use of smart card parking application, It will be easier for the management to allow real time-reservations and the checking of parking availability hence offering a calm parking solution to the users. With the implementation over the cloud, the system is environment friendly, safe and reduces the work load of the parking administrators.
Here are some of the current systems suggested for smart parking.
Smart parking using RIFD is an automation technology with major element as computers, software, labels, barriers, RFID readers among others. The main task that will be played by the application is the controlling, operation tasks, management and transaction reporting for areas parking. The RFID reader in the parking area is used to collect information about a car from the database to validate if the car is checks into the parking area or not [5]. The check information is used to when conducting the check-in information especially when the car wants to leave. Alert will be communicated to the driver at the entrance of whether there are free parking lots hence will save time and fuel consumption when searching for a parking lot.
The aim of the system is to broadcast real time parking details to drivers through an application. The system utilizes smart phone support and Zigbee sensors for deployment. The system allows the users to secure a specific parking lot in advance by collecting availability details in particular parking region. Besides, it is fitted with options of payment including different users’ pricing. Vibration and light sensors reveal whether a car is present in the parking area. Communication between the sensor and user information is done through Bluetooth module. The main challenge is that bottleneck situations and shorter Bluetooth range may emerge in heavy traffic case.
The system allows users to secure their parking lots using SMS. Once the confirmation of reservation is done, the users receive the OPT (one-time password) to enter the parking section and the area number for parking. If they surpass the period to check-in the parking lot, the password expires and the reservation is denied. The system has two parts: Access and Reservation system. Micro-Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is used to handle the reservation constructed with SSE OLE for process control (OPC) server. Microcontroller-IC16F877 is used to handle the access system which calculates time periods for passwords validity, denying or allowing access to the parking lot and provides or stores details on the parking spaces availability [6]. A weight sensor is placed at the parking lot to sense the presence of a car.
The suggested system includes a web application for admins of parking area, mobile application for users and a mobile application for parking area operators. The requirements for each application are discussed below.
The central warehouse should not depend on a platform so that it can store application information and be accessible through the mobile app and web application [7].
The server should have the ability to handle simultaneous request from different users
The system should offer conceal user information using local encryption and database encryption to safeguard information in case of a device theft such as a handheld device or a laptop
The android application offers high accuracy and high availability in discovering the locations.
Stable internet connection
For effective operation, stable internet connection will be o great need. Internet disconnection will lead to the system failure. Communication between the parking operators and the system is done using the web application and mobile application through the internet as well as the parking administration of the [8]. Thus one of the fundamental requirements of the system is internet connection that is stable.
Highly Scalable structure
Expansibility of the said smart parking application is of great requirement. The database can be kept in the cloud and be expanded as needed hence the use of cloud services offers scalability.
Handling simultaneous access to the centralized database
Simultaneous accessing of the system is important hence the system should have the capability of handling such by the user. The database is in the same place i.e. central place thus it is easy for different users to concurrently access it and reserve same parking lot at the same time. The system should have the ability to address such issues.
Availability
Availability means the existence of the system at all the times. The system should always be available for the end user to access the services, that is, the end-users should be able to access the system easily. The system should also respond faster to serve the user.
The suggested systems can be put into effect using appropriate computing channel such as Google or AWS (Amazon Web Services). The deployment requirements using AWS are discussed below.
Hardware Requirements
Software Requirements
Figure 1: system architecture
Figure 2: abstract system design
The suggested system is put into effect in the following components:
One database keep data regarding users, parking lots and reservations made. The database comprises of tables: operator, parkinglots, user, admin, parkingarea, parking session, users-cars
Websites allows administrators to carry out functions: edit, add and view a parking area.
Login
Home Page
5.1.3 Features
Add a new parking area
View details of parking area
Edit details of parking area
The application assists in billing and verification functions.
The application offers functions: book, cancel slots, search, view
There exist some various challenges that are in the current system which include:
RFID system: for one, the system is significantly much expensive. The tags of RFID are specific to some applications, no single tag can suit all and several tags can respond concurrently. The system can operate well under the network connection. Incase two cars check-in the parking lot adjacent to one another, being within the RFID reader range, the system will not be able to read their identification details and process it [10].
Reservation based smart parking application: maintenance of the system is challenging and also it’s expensive. The bottleneck problem may happen due to heavy traffic.
Reservation system of smart parking using SMS: the system is created for personal use by parking areas, and not a system that includes all parking areas reservation within a district. Since the system utilizes CMOS flash memory for parking information storage, the database can be expanded within the limitations of hardware.
Add vacancy: on choosing a region on the map, the system obtains its longitude and latitude then the admins fill the remaining information.
View vacancy: on choosing a marker on the map, the parking area details are examined by the admin.
Edit details of parking area: the admin can edit details of parking areas by editing the form presented after examining the vacancy.
Validation: when user check-in a parking area operator authenticate reservation using user’s plate number and reservation password [11]. Before validation, the parking lot status is booked which is later modified to occupy after the user checks in the parking area after validation.
Billing: the operator keys in the reservation password and the number of the car to generate bill via the mobile application. On billing, the leaving time is recorded, bill amount is computed and updated, the status is modified to finish and the status of parking lot is modified to available. The total parking lots number in a particular parking area is increased.
Look for a parking area: on choosing a location, user can examine comprehensive parking area list, the pricing and their availability.
Parking lot booking: the user is need to key in the reservation duration and the id of the parking area to reserve a lot. Later, user receives a special reservation password to confirm reservation.
Examine booking: the user can examine his or her existing booking information, booking status and reservation password through the application of the end-user.
Cancel reservation: the user can cancel his or her existing reservation. On cancelling, the status of parking session changes to cancelled and the vacancy availability get automatically updated.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) gives an extensive set of worldwide computing, storage, database, analytics, application, and deployment services that assist businesses flow faster, decrease IT costs, and scale applications.
Cloud computing companies provide three services to their subscribed clients. They are infrastructure, platform and software services. Clients subscribes by paying some fees to get these services. Cloud computing has greatly lowered costs for them. They do not need to purchase some of the software and IT materials, because they are hosted in the cloud. Customers access them by logging remotely via a web browser. It is an advantage to small and medium companies to start and grow without spending a lot. The services are flexible and agile. These services are discussed in detail below.
Software as a service is also referred to as software on demand. Software and its data are hosted by providers at their geographical locations so that users can gain access from anywhere, anytime. Via the internet and web browser: Subscribers enjoy lower rates compared to other software delivery methods. These include lower installation cost, lower maintenance cost, reduced support fees and cheap licensing. Yahoo, Gmail and Hotmail are examples of SaaS software.
PaaS provides customers with a platform to develop, test, manage and run their applications remotely. Clients do not need to develop their own infrastructure. PaaS is gaining popularity in the market due to its significant improvements. Subscribing to cloud based platform is much cheaper than traditional systems. No implementation and maintenance of the machines by the clients as it is the responsibility of the service providers.
Cloud service providers give their subscribers ability to use their IT infrastructure remotely. Another name for IaaS is Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It employs virtualization to create and handle hardware infrastructure within the cloud. Small scale firms are beneficiaries of IaaS because they are able to access wide range of hardware via the cloud without spending too much purchasing physical devices. IBM, Google and Amazon are among the companies that provide these services.
Resource allocation strategies aim at allocating resources to the clients in an efficient, effective and economic manner. Major considerations taken during resource allocation are the project time and availability of the resource. Allocation should be dynamic in order to meet the changing demands of customers and allow the service provider management resources of all users. Properly managed resources allow customers to use less time and lower cost to complete their tasks.
Advantages of the Suggested System
Reduced cost: No purchasing and maintenance of expensive devices. Users enjoy the services by subscribing which is relatively cheap.
Friendly to the environment: No wastage of energy compared to other traditional approaches.
Availability: Users require a mobile or PC application and internet connection to access them.
User friendly: The user interfaces are easy to use. Intuitive and user can learn easily.
Scalability: All the databases stored in the cloud can be easily scaled to the required needs.
Robust: Redundant systems act as backups and recovery options. Availability is ensured.
Saves cost: It has helped organizations minimize spending on infrastructure. Small firms can establish themselves using less capital.
Reliability: System services are always available. During outages, redundant systems pick up.
Scalable: It allows firms to expand to meet consumer needs and scaling back without changing a lot of requirements and infrastructure.
Minimum maintenance. Cloud service providers maintain their systems enabling customers save time and spend less for maintenance services.
Mobility: Provides users with the option of working from anywhere as they can access the systems remotely.
Privacy and security breach: All users’ data are stored centrally not in their individual corporate firewalls. This is a serious threat. Hacking into the cloud systems can negatively impact on customers’ data. Loss and access to confidential data being a serious problem. The service providers find it challenging to provide all the security measures to ensure complete safety of user data.
Lack of standards: clouds have registered interfaces, nevertheless, no standards are linked to these, and therefore it is improbable that most clouds will make use or exchange information.
Constantly evolving: Cloud should be flexible enough to meet the dynamic nature of user requirements.
Zero downtime deployment is a technique in which a cloud service provider is able to successfully deploy a new version of the application without the subscriber noticing that the application went down at some point in time. Bugs can be fixed and new features incorporated into the system without an outage. One of the ways to achieve zero downtime deployment is to use the following steps:
Version one of the service should be deployed first.
The database of the one version is migrated to version two.
Deploy version two in parallel to version one
Bring down version one when version two is successfully working.
AWS started five years earlier than Google Cloud Providers. As a result, it has many customers and wide range of products than any other cloud service provider. GCP is a significant contestant for both Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Service because it has good privacy, security, better pricing and large data processing machines. It also provides all the needed functionality and configuration models. GCP is effient in running almost all the services without having to run multiple applications like AWS.
Transparent retail pricing scheme
Amazon’s constant experimentation with pricing schemes is creating confusion about precisely how good are their prices. It should transparently show customers how they set prices for products. Showing customers’ accurate data on pricing of the same products elsewhere could increase customer trust that may result in more sales to Amazon.
Committed Use Discounts:
GCD customer loyalty bonuses are better than AWS. Customers are given loyalty after a continuous use of the service as a reward and motivation to continue using them. So AWS gives discounts to customers after paying in advance for one full year subscription. Customers using AWS do not have the rights to change their plan. Hence it is not the best considering the dynamic nature of the user requirements.
GCP provides a counterpart plan that gives users discount after merely a month of subscription which can be applied to other packages if user needs to change. Customers can change to various plans without losing money paid in advance.
Conclusion
Because of technology advancement, drivers are seeking out less time-consuming and less complicated parking facilities. There are different clever parking methodologies that have been put into effect to provide better services to the client and decorate the general modern-day machine parking control. Monitoring of parking space availability and allocation of the ideal parking location with the aid of advanced booking in actual time are a number of the provider capabilities provided to clients via a user-pleasant interface inclusive of SMS offerings or mobile software. After evaluating the diverse solutions, it is known that there exist a few challenges of every system which includes demanding situations in sensing suitable parking availability information due to speed car constraints, inefficient customer validation strategies, excessive use of expensive sensor components, and utilization of a selected component. Some employ the use of Bluetooth that operate efficiently and effectively only over short distance. Addressing these challenges will improve system performance.
References
[1]P. Jogada and V. Warad, “Effective Car Parking Reservation System Based on Internet of things Technologies”, Bonfring International Journal of Software Engineering and Soft Computing, vol. 6, no., pp. 140-142, 2016.
[2]W. Wang and P. Ma, “Smart Parking Management System Based on RFID”, International Journal of Electrical Energy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 117-122, 2013.
[3]T. Pham, M. Tsai, D. Nguyen, C. Dow and D. Deng, “A Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things Technologies”, IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp. 1581-1591, 2015.
[4]Z. WU and Y. YANG, “Parking lot management system based on embedded design”, Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 3126-3129, 2010.
[5]F. Ibrahim, P. Nirnay, S. Pradeep, O. Pradip and N. B., “Smart Parking System Based on Embedded System and Sensor Network”, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 140, no. 12, pp. 45-51, 2016.
[6]W. Dong, “Research and Design of a Short Message Services Management System for Mobile Devices”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 543-547, pp. 2884-2887, 2014.
[7]A. Khadsare, G. Jadhav, S. Mali and S. Nanaware, “iParking”, International Journal of Synthetic Emotions, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1-24, 2017.
[8]A. Guazzini, D. Vilone, C. Donati, A. Nardi and Z. Levnaji?, “Modeling crowdsourcing as collective problem solving”, Scientific Reports, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015.
[9]D. Brabham, “Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving”, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 75-90, 2008.
[10]H. Ibrahim, “Car Parking Problem in Urban Areas, Causes and Solutions”, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017.
[11]S. Arbabi, M. Allah Bakhsh and M. Sharifi, “Crowd-Enhanced Cloud Services: Issues and Directions”, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 117, no. 21, pp. 6-13, 2015.
[12]N. Caithness, M. Drescher and D. Wallom, “Can functional characteristics usefully define the cloud computing landscape and is the current reference model correct?”, Journal of Cloud Computing, vol. 6, no. 1, 2017.
[13]Sanjay Ram and Vijayaraj, “Analysis of the characteristics and trusted security of cloud computing”, International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and Architecture, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 61-69, 2011.
[14]D. Linthicum, “Approaching Cloud Computing Performance”, IEEE Cloud Computing, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 33-36, 2018.
[15]M. Sala-Zárate and L. Colombo-Mendoza, “CLOUD COMPUTING: A REVIEW OF PAAS, IAAS, SAAS SERVICES AND PROVIDERS”, Lámpsakos, no. 7, p. 47, 2012.
[16]D. Nasr and S. Ouf, “A Proposed Smart E-Learning System Using Cloud Computing Services: PaaS, IaaS and Web 3.0”, International Journal of Civil-engineering Technologies in Learning (iJET), vol. 7, no. 3, 2012.
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