Discuss about the Natural Gas Supply Stability and Foreign Policy.
Trade is a important process of the Civilization where it affects the aspects of the actions either locally or internationally level. Trade is a process or action of selling and buying goods from the markets. Though the trading the goods has been purchased or sales towards individual or a community or a country where interference of any group has always makes the impacts with one another. Egypt is one of the Ancient Country which consists of various natural resources but there is not enough sufficient ways where the country had to really on trade for necessary goods and luxuries. In the ancient history it has been found that the friend has started on the Predynastic period in Egypt and it makes the continents of the trade market through the periods of Roman Egypt[1].
After a Revolution is it has become a great life line for many workers and people who have suffered several tyrannical region and decline in economic and social conditions. However after the evolution the Egypt economy looked really healthy and they are growing the trade in local and international business market management. The people of this country have played an important role in the revolution where they have fought against the constant violation for improving their poor economic condition and raise the culture, art and economic growth[2]. Trade and economic Revolution has followed through an economic system which was not based on corruption and other Monopoly or illicit games management. Then it helps to gain the strength and helps to encourage in investment priorities productivity and promotes the society’s earning. It took several years for Egypt to gain their economic Revolution where it helps to economic development and improvising the citizens[3]. When they gain their strength back it makes the appearance against the legitimacy of economic system. It only allow the country for allocating resources to the various production and service sectors where it helps provinces the generation of society and achieve the basic goal in trading system. It basically consists of economic and national security modernizing industry and economy high salary job opportunities generating intensive production fighting with Monopoly ensuring fair distribution of income and promoting competitiveness, controlling price, increases supporting the weak and countering foreign economic threats[4].
Most of the Egypt economy has dependent and control on a barter system without cash until the Persian invasion has been introduced in the Egypt. On this period of time the trade has been processed through an exchange of goods and services on a similar standard value for both the parties become satisfied with the fair transaction. This service of trading is also known as a Deben, which is recognized as a coin made of 90 grams of copper. Sometimes it also made of silver or gold for expensive luxury items along with the proportionate changes in value[5].
At the time of the first dynasty of Egypt the trade has been found with a profitable and long establishment in Mesopotamia where the king introduced a strong Central Government at the capital of Memphis and Bureaucracy also establishes switch control the details of trade business of the country along with trading with neighbor lands. In this time Egypt has been make the development of Egyptian art, religion and cultures due to the early trade partner of Mesopotamia. The Sumerian culture also helps to develop the art. religion and culture of trading in Egypt. In the ancient history the researcher has found that the famous Narmer Palette from first dynasty has made the trade business in various designs on the knife and cylinder seals. First of all the international trade by the Egyptian has been initiated with the regions of Levant, Libya, Nubia, Cannon and Syria. The main thread has been processed through the medium of water where they used to build boats of wood and those are sent regularly to Lebanon from Cedar. The trade business completely dependent on the Wadi Hammamat from the Nile to the Red Sea where they backed the goods and tide backs those on the donkeys and delivered to the other regions. On the period of middle Kingdom of Egypt the empires of Egypt mostly trades for the contribution to the wealth necessary for building monuments like Temple of Karnak, the Colossoi of Memnon and the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut[6].
Most of the time the trade helps Egyptian Emperors to build various monuments where they invest the most of the valuable materials like old Kingdom of Egypt help fund pyramids of Giza and other monuments also. Hatshepsut is also known one of the best trade expeditions to trade into Punt where they carried valuable items like woods and luxury items[7].
The trading items depend on the region to region about the availability of the raw materials. Egypt is a country which consists of various natural resources which they have a trade in local and international market management. The trading goods are woods, metals, precious stones needed for amulets jewellery, ornamentation, oil, sugar and tobacco. According to the Egyptians’ believes that the king is owner of all the land of everything who produced in the country because they have only power to ordained and sanctified to the Gods for creating everything in the world and their work is being as a mediator between the Gods and people. Therefore the everything on the farm along the Nile which has been produced they are considered as the property of the king and those are directly send to the capital for distribution among the people and the other parts used for the trade. Agriculture is one of the important parts of Egyptian life where they manufacture varieties of products like farming where they include the grains and the cattle who are used for leather and teller, pork from pig’s, linen from flax, bread, beer and many more things. Most of the time this things are found to be more profitable which helps them to earn more value by trading the raw materials to the other states or country. The king holds the responsibility to take care for the people the land and control and maintaining the principle of harmony. They always make sure that there was enough food for every Egyptian and they always take every step for regain the Goodwill on the Gods[8].
The Egyptians later found more protection from the government where they include the police force that are look for the border crossing where they collect tolls and protected toll collectors. They also look out for the merchants who coming and going from the cities and villages in the areas for their trade business. Sometimes the merchants provided gifts to the police forces for their benefits in the business and pass the border area of the state. If any merchants got robbed then they have also right to appeal to the authorities for the justice and the government also provided the proper order according to the situation[9].
However in the recent days Egypt has been found to be the 52nd largest export economy in the world. It exported and imported various trading goods which help to became one of the largest business area in the world. The Egyptian best in exports of gold, crude, petroleum, refined petroleum, nitrogenous, fertilizers and insulated wire. The imports items are refined petroleum, Petroleum gas, cars, packaged medicaments and wheat. Most of the time it is exports their items in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Turkey and the United Kingdom. They import their products from China, Germany, Russia, the United States and Italy. Egypt has borders in Libya, Sudan and Israel by the land and Cyprus, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Greece by the sea[10].
At the time of World War1 Egypt has been found to be far ahead in economic development according to the measurement of Agricultural output, foreign trade, transport facilities and unemployment in the industry. According to the capita of GDP Egypt has the highest capita than Japan, half of Italy’s, more than double India’s and one eighth of the United States. The process has also found that in this time in Egypt which also called a positive trade balance for establishing the strong communication channels. They hold a largest railway connectivity which helps them to developed in their culture business and establishing their existence. Building the Railways help them to reach various countries like Sweden and Japan. They also make their mileage towards the Argentina and Brazil also[11].
At the beginning of the ancient time the Egyptians mainly depends on the Nile river where they used wooden boats for the trade in various country but later after the revolution they found how to build the railway for the transportation facilities when railway provides them the mileage in between a proper time. The Egyptians use the railway mainly for the trade. They used to export crops like cotton, onions, rice and imports building materials, coal and Timber. The railway always helps them for import and exports the products easily and helps them to utilize their development in the indigenous capacity. They never generate feeding industry where they thought to provide a market for the local industries by using various technical innovations which helps them developed the entrepreneurial and financial endeavors. Not only development in the economic system it also helps on human development where the income, distribution, technological development and other facilities in Egypt has helped to complete those grounds. The technological achievements make the positive impacts on the economic performance and make the large Enterprises which help them import their products from Europe. Not only for the large business industry the small business owners also use the grounds for running their local business along with the international trade in the foreign local bourgeoisie like Greeks, Lebanese, Jews, Armenians, Syrians and Lebanese[12].
The Egyptian trade business always depends on the agricultural goods and primary products where the Cotton is one of the important products which has a good dominated imports across the Europe. It has minimum structural development on the social and economic levels which helps Egypt in growth according to the foreign capital inflow, trade development and transport development[13].
Not only in the railway connectivity for the trade business the Egypt has also make the great revolution in the infrastructure of Information and Communication Technologies. Though it took several times but now the Egyptian government has establishes huge infrastructure of Information and Communication Technologies which includes free Internet, personal computer system for every student, every home, Information Technology clubs, laptop for every professional, e-government Gateway and the smart village. The revolution in the information technology helps Egypt to make a highest rank according to the GDP per capita from Middle East and North Africa. In the human development the railway connectivity is make the huge impact for the Egyptians along with the technology capacity which helps them to increase the economy development. In trade they had connect with the developed countries for activity and import export system between them[14].
In the Egyptian history which affected the whole economic system in trade. Therefore the industrial revolution has been found through the revolution in the railway connectivity along with the information Technologies. Sometimes Egypt also faced with the situation where the expansion in communication affected the potential economic growth which failed to achieve the revolution on the human development but interference of the parallel investment in human resource, educational system and eradicate electricity helps them to overcome the whole situation. Due to the revolution the businesses which are based on the opportunities for small and medium enterprises has make their impacts on the native bourgeoisie and middle class society[15].
On the part of economy of Egypt it was one of the highly planned economy has focused where they make a great investment on the International Monetary Fund arrangement that help them to perform and improve the economic condition. In the years from 2004 to 2009 the economic growth of Egypt has completely failed and there equitable share of the wealth and benefits of the growth and it affect the whole population and unemployment and underemployment. The Global Business trade and other economic resources have been completely fall down and not able to gaining the previous economic standards. Egypt has reforms their economic standard according to the reduced inflation, price controls, cut taxes and partially liberalized trade and investment. The agriculture is another part of the trade which helps on the economic growth through Egypt from ancient time and now days the agriculture is also largely sprayed in the whole country where they make the business, especially on the cotton and sugar production. The other trades like construction, non financial services, retail trades and wholesale are also helps to promote the annual growth economic rate of the country[16].
The Egypt is mainly consist on the exporting their products like non petroleum products, natural gas, readymade clothes, medical, cotton, Textiles, petrochemical products, rice, citrus fruits, dried onion, cement, ceramics and steel[17]. They also import various products like Pharmaceuticals and the non petroleum products like maize, cars and car spare parts. These all exports and imports parts are part of the industrial revolution in recent years. It makes the GDP per capita more than other countries in the world. The International Organization for Migration has research on the external trade and remittance and they have found that almost 2.7 million Egyptians make their contribution actively for the development of the country which helps them to remittance the inflows social capital and circulation of human investment in the export and import Trade System. The Egyptian Central Bank, the United States, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates also help this country in the development on their economical Trade System[18].
The warm weather and plenty full water from Nile river has helped Egypt to produce several crops in every year and by the export and import system of the agriculture, land products of the natural resources also help them to gain the economy productivity after the 5 years of the revolution. Most of the crops like cotton, rice, wheat, corn, sugar, beets, sugarcane, beans, onions and tobacco are grown on the river side of Nile. Not only the crops but the application of few modern techniques helps the Egyptian people to farming of various citrus fruits, vegetables and flowers in the Nile Delta area which also important part of the trade in Egypt. Not only the agriculture products and crops, the cattle like cows, water buffaloes and chickens are also export and imports to various country and the natural products from the cattle where the made various products by the Egyptian people where they export and import to the other States.
Under the economy of Egypt the import items or products help the Egypt for gaining there economic growth after the revolution in industry. The Egyptian mainly agriculture on the 25,000 km of area on the bank of Nile valley and Delta on the fertile soil which is helps them to produce several crops and other agriculture business. For being a desert land Egyptian people has successfully developed some desert area for helpful in the agriculture which has become the Egypt one of the important agriculture industry in the export and import sector[19].
Egypt is also known as the gift of Nile because the Nile is one of the largest river in the world which is a great resource of water and carried fertile soil which has been produced by the Nile valley and delta. Though Egypt is a desert land but the Nile River help them to agricultural and cultivated land which has great impact in trading. The groundwater has found due to the presence of Mediterranean Sea where it supplies the water towards the coastal sent from north to south[20].
Egypt is consisting of various mineral and energy sources like natural gas, Petroleum, iron ore, phosphates and gold. The Nile Delta is the main resources of the natural gas along with the Mediterranean shore. Through the natural gas resources the Egypt has gained there one of the part of economical growth after the revolution[21]. The mineral and energy sources products provides almost 7% of GDP in every year of the country by the export and import those natural resources to the other countries and also increase the economical development through the whole country. They mainly export the energy resources to the developed countries like Saudi Arabia Iraq and United States. Egypt has great resources of natural gas and Gold mining which are one of the fast growing industries towards the Egyptian country and it helps the Egyptian government to make several treaties and contract with the other countries for exporting the trade business[22].
Conclusion
Egypt has several economic sectors like agricultures, industrial, construction and contracting service sectors, Information and Communication and Technology sectors. In the agriculture sector the Egyptian people has a great impact on the trading business of farm business which has a great effect on the economic standards of label in the country[23]. In the industrial sectors they have a great impact on various automobile manufacturing, Chemicals, steel industry, textile, clothing and other products which help them to export in various countries and it make great global apparel manufacturing and retailing through a vertically integrated platform at the local and international levels. Many more critics have showed the perspective of the revolution in Egypt as a political revolution. They indicated that in the area of trade the World Bank has helps to crack the problems and sometimes they failed to solve the issues which also make the failure in the economic growth and the political stability in Egypt. However economic freedom is part of the political freedom. Therefore through the revolution it helps to leads to create a democratic middle class oriented Trade System where people believe on the appearance and contribution of the Government of the country along with the economic benefits for them[24].
Reference
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Holz, Franziska, Philipp M. Richter, and Ruud Egging. “A global perspective on the future of natural gas: Resources, trade, and climate constraints.” (2015): 85-106.
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Khorshid, Motaz, Saad Nassar, and Victor Shaker. An Agriculture Economy Interaction Model for Egypt-Analysis of the Proposed Free Trade Agreement with USA. No. 9243. EcoMod, 2016.
Levinson, Charles. International Trade Unionism (Routledge Revivals). Routledge, 2013.
McCann, Anna Marguerite. The Roman port and fishery of Cosa: a center of ancient trade. Princeton University Press, 2017.
Omri, Anis, et al. “Financial development, environmental quality, trade and economic growth: What causes what in MENA countries.” Energy Economics 48 (2015): 242-252.
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Siddig, Khalid, Harald Grethe, and Noura Abdelwahab. “The natural gas sector in post-revolution Egypt.” Journal of Policy Modeling 38.5 (2016): 941-953.
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