In present time, Obesity has become the biggest heath concern all around the world, this is the reason the topic ‘obesity’ is been selected for this report. The problem of obesity among adolescent and children is rising at a high rate and due to the obesity, the population is suffering from various health problems like musculoskeletal condition, cancer, mental health conditions, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This report is designed to comprehend the importance of policy development in public health policy issues. To spread awareness and to control the risk of health problems associated with the obesity some advocacy strategy is been developed in this report. This report contains the cause and issues related to the obesity, solution and various measures to control the obesity among people of Australia through advocacy campaign.
Obesity or Overweight means unnecessary or abnormal weight accumulation in the human body, which increase health risks (Britannica, 2018). It normally arises due to continued energy unevenness when energy consumption through drinking and eating surpasses energy expended through physical movement. Being obese or overweight increase the risk of chronic diseases such as mental health conditions, musculoskeletal condition, cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes which include heart disease and stroke (Fontaine & Barofsky, 2010). As the weight increase in the human body, the risk of sudden death also increases (Graham, 2018).
Australia is one of the fattest nations in the world where out of three people two are obese or overweight. It is the fifth most obese and overweight nation among all OECD countries (Britannica, 2018). In 2014-2015, more than 11.2 million adults that are 63% were overweight or obese, out of 63% 6.3 million (35%) are overweight and 4.9 million (28%) were obese. Out of four children, one was overweight or obese, 1.2 million children that are 26% are having 25 or higher BMI (AIHW, 2018). Obesity and overweight are greater among Australian men (71%) than Australian women (56%). Adults living in the lowest socioeconomic area were likely to be more obese or overweight than those in the highest socioeconomic areas. In Australia, obesity and overweight are more common among indigenous adults. Between 1995 and 2014-2015, the proportion of obese or overweight adults increased from 56% to 63% and the average weight increased by 4.4 kg for both women and men. As per survey conducted in 2012-13, 66% of indigenous Australians aged 15 years are obese or overweight. Obesity is higher in inner regional areas that are 40% and lower in remote areas that is 32% (ABS, 2013).
The main factors, which are causing the obesity and overweight, are inadequate physical activity and poor diet. It is not necessary that food and drink provide all the required nutrients to the human body, food and drinks may be high in fat, sugar, salt, and alcohol, which may lead to an unhealthy body (Offer, Pechey & Ulijaszek, 2010).
Genetic is a strong component behind Obesity. From various researches it is been conclude that children of fat parents are more likely to become fat in comparison to lean parents children. The genes of parents are the main reason behind the health issues in their children. However, the chances of getting obsessed due to genes are less sometimes, there are some other reasons behind the obesity in children.
Heavily processed and junk foods are the main reason behind the obesity in the people. The junk and processed food items are available at very cheap rates and they taste very good it is hard to resist. The companies try to make these food products as tasty as they can to increase the sale and with a taste they are promoting overeating (Fitzgibbon, et.al. 2014). These kinds of food are highly engineered products, and designed to get people hooked (Fitzgibbon, et.al. 2014).
Food Addiction is also a reason behind the obesity, Junk food can cause addiction in the susceptible individuals. The people who get addicted to this kind of food lose their control over their eating behavior, similar to people struggling with drugs addition lose their control over their behavior. Many sugar-sweetened, high-fat junk foods place their taste into the human mind. The junk food and processed food items are often compared to commonly abused drugs like nicotine, cocaine, and alcohol (Fontaine & Barofsky, 2010).
All the junk food companies place their product in the market very aggressively. The companies play very unethically by introducing their unhealthy products as a healthy product in the market, people believe on their false advertisements and intake the food item by considering it as a healthy product, and afterward their body suffers harmed by the product (Fontaine & Barofsky, 2010). The companies also make misleading claims and the worst part of these products is that they mainly target children. Moreover, due to that the obesity among children is increasing and they are getting addictive toward junk food and due to that, they are facing many health problems (BOND, 2018).
There are many pharmaceutical drugs available in the market, which can cause weight gain as a side effect. Antidepressants have been linked to modest weight gain, diabetes medicines and antipsychotics cause weight gain. These medicines alter the function of the human body and brain, increase appetite and reduce metabolic rate (Kadomatsu, Tabata, & Oike, 2011).
The availability of junk food everywhere is the biggest cause behind the obesity. The junk food is always in the display in the shop and they are mostly at likable places, which gain the attention of people very easily. Besides the availability the other problem is the prices of the junk food, junk food is very cheap in comparison to the healthy food items. Poor people do not have enough money to buy healthy food like vegetables and fruits they left with one option that buys cheap junk food to get rid of their hunger.
The additional fat in the human body requires an additional amount of nutrition and extra amount of oxygen to survive, which put pressure on the blood vessels to circulate more blood in the human body due to fat tissues. This process will increase the pressure on the heart, for survival of body the heart needs to produce more blood through blood vessels. More circulation means more pressure on the heart, which leads to the high blood pressure problem in the human body (NIDDK, 2018).
Behind the type 2 diabetes, the main reason is obesity. In past, this type of diabetes was found in adults only but in present due to obesity type 2 diabetes ocurres in childern also. The people who suffer from type 2 diabetes are required to take insulin to control the level of sugar in the body. The insulin increse the problem of obesity in human body.
The occurrence of atherosclerosis in obese people is 10 times more in comparison to non-obese people. Coronary artery disease is more common among the obese people because the fatty deposit builds up in arteries, which narrow the arteries. The narrow arteries and reduced blood flow can cause chest pain or a heart attack. Blood clots can also form in narrowed arteries and cause a stroke (Hall, 2018).
Obesity can also affect the hips and knees because the extra weight placed the stress the joints. The Dr suggests joint replacement surgery to treat problem of joints but this treatment is not suitable for obese or overweight people, because the heavy body would not support the treatment.
Overweight contributes and increases the risk of cancers including colon cancer, gallbladder cancer, breast cancer, and uterus among women and among overweight men, the risk of colon cancer and prostate cancers increases (Hall, 2018).
The overweight or obese people mainly face problem of discrimination. The children who were overweight face problem discrimination at various activities in schools. The adult who are obese or overweight face problem of discrimination at work place. The confidence level among overweight or obese people are become very low because as all other people who are fit are bully them.
In the culture, the ideal definition of best physical condition is an excessively thin body people who are fat suffer number of disadvantages. Obese and overweight people are blamed for their conditions and may be considered weak or lazy. The obese people face discrimination at the workplace, among family and friends (Ross, Flynn & Pate, 2016).
There is no single solution to obesity, the problem is complex and the solution is equally complex. There are a few solutions, which are given by some experts these are as follows:
The problem of obesity has become too large in the Australian community; it has become hard for one organization or single agency to tackle the problem. To handle the condition of the obese people it is important to put together a coalition of groups and individuals. The group and individuals are strong enough for designing operative strategies for altering the policies and programs in business, schools, government and other relevant sectors (Lake, Henderson & Townshend, 2018).
Building a Coalition and Gaining Support from Stakeholders
Issue identification and specification- to build the coalition among stakeholder the first step that is needed is identifying and specification of an issue for which it is going to form. Here the issue is obesity among the population of Australia, and to resolve the issue it is important to build a coalition (Cooper, Bumbarger & Moore, 2015).
Relationship/Stakeholder mapping- during developing coalition, in this step an expert will search the stakeholders who are interested in joining the coalition. The people who will join the coalition on the issue of obesity will be the policy makers, researchers, government bodies, non-government bodies. They will join the coalition to motivate people to reduce weight. The trainers or instructors can also be a part of a coalition (Bowen, 2015).
Forming core membership- once the stakeholders are mapped it becomes the responsibility of expert to form a core membership by selecting suitable members for the coalition. The leaders will choose core members on the bases of their self-awareness of the benefits of change.
Demonstrating Credibility- after reaching this point the coalition demonstrates its knowledge about the relevancy of issues, effectiveness, and worth of support from stakeholders. Here coalition develops to control health-related issue related to obesity and for this, the stakeholders will show their knowledge, effectiveness, efficiency, and support.
Purposeful Expansion- when the coalition is developed and start working effectively, the leaders or expert will thing of expanding their small organisation into a broader social and resources base. This is the point where leaders or experts need to think big to achieve new success (Baker, et.al. 2018).
There are many organizations working to support various community-based platforms to address and help to solve the problem of obesity. The approaches causal these platforms include healthy food available at more places and educating consumers appealing about the food ingredients and eating support plans that bring grocery stores into food deserts, providing places for physical activities and growing community transportation (Sacks & Robinson, 2018).
The community-based efforts are designed to be flexible enough to address the needs of local areas. These are developed for matching local areas priorities and leveraging existing resources. Community-based efforts are the most fruitful approaches that will bring crucial assets and partners together and take a inclusive approach to maximize influence. The multi-sector associations can include community groups, healthcare providers, and public health agencies, all of which have different expertise and an entrusted interest for enlightening the vitality and health of a community (Warner, Xu, & Morken, 2017). While working together as a community, the cross-sector associations can be helpful to address the important issues, such as income, transportation, quality education, safe places to be physically active, the availability of reasonable healthy food, and other health conditions in neighborhoods (Lacy, et.al. 2018). These are the variety of additional sources, which can help in providing resources and investment for obesity-prevention efforts along with local, state and federal grants.
Mass media campaigns are widely used to explore the large populations to messages through routine uses of present media, such as newspaper, radio, and television. Over the past few decades, the use of media is increased to spread awareness among people. Typical campaigns have positioned messages in media that will influence a large audience, most often via radio or television. There are few outdoor media like posters, billboards, and newspapers available, which help people to have insight on the issue more clearly. Some campaigns incorporate new technologies, but receivers have so far generally been mandatory to choose to seek information (Williams, et.al. 2015).
Media campaigns related to obesity can be of short period or may spread over a long period and the campaign should relate to the organization programme components. Media is a very useful way to spread information in minimum time to the mass audience. The population of Australia spends approximately 8 hours watching television (Britannica, 2018). Mass media campaigns can work through indirect and direct paths to change the behavior of the whole population.
The organizations, which are working in reducing obesity in Australia, can use media to promote obesity reduction campaign. With the help of the media, they can spread awareness about the health-related problems associated with obesity and how can they reduce the chances of getting those health problems.
The one ethical issue related to obesity is discrimination of the overweight people. They face the problem of discrimination in every field. To eliminate the discrimination the government and other coalition need to take a step. For addressing, the issue of discrimination three frameworks has been designed by the experts. The first step involves making of list of ethical issues, which need a deep discussion to avoid obesity and overweight. The inventory is discussed among the experts, researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. The current policies or programmes to avoid obesity or overweight may comprise eight possibly challenging aspects. The second step consists of a study related to an ethical framework that will address the areas of public health and that might be used to assess overweight inhibition programs (Azevedo & Vartanian, 2015). The experts will assess the area on which the accessible moral frameworks emphasis on the objective and on the policy and program that are proposed to address the issue of obesity. Further, they look at the structure, content, and tools for guiding the analytic process, those main ethical principles or values, possible criteria for dealing with ethical conflicts and the concrete policy issues that are applied (Cooper, Bumbarger & Moore, 2015). Sustaining finally on the bases of two steps, the expert will design an moral framework for the inhibition of obesity and overweight set up practical approvals.
To assess the effectiveness of the advocacy campaign there are a few indicators discussed here:
Activity/Tactic measures- Tactic measure is commonly known as the measure of efforts. This will count that how many campaigning activities or tactics are produced or accomplished. Tactic measures just seizure what was done and do explain how well it worked with the target audience. The advocacy campaign, which has been designed to address the health issue related to obesity, will be measured by the activity/tactic measure. In this measure the experts will evaluate all functions and activities related to the campaign, than the they will compare the evaluated activities with the benchmarks set by them earlier. The main criteria for a campaign to reach the target audience and expert will measure the reach of the campaign (Cooper, Bumbarger & Moore, 2015).
Output/Outcomes measures- it is linked to the outcomes and outputs of the advocacy campaign to measure the signal progress towards achieving the aim of the campaign (Kirlappos & Sasse, 2012). This will measure the effects and demonstrate the changes because of campaigning efforts. This will help the expert in measuring the outcomes, which will arrive when the campaign will come into force. This measure will help the expert in knowing the progress of the campaign, is the campaign working in the same way as it was designed in the beginning or there some changes are taken place (Kirlappos & Sasse, 2012).
Impact of measure- this will establish what will happen after a campaign aim is attained. It will show the effects of a campaign aim for the system, programmes, or people seeking to improve. When the aim of the campaign is to achieve through impact measure the expert will analyze the working of the completed project. The campaign is designed to spread awareness among the people of Australia about obesity and its impact on their health. When the campaign that has been designed is completed and has achieved its aim this measure will evaluate the status of the system, programmes and the people associated with it (Cooper, Bumbarger & Moore, 2015).
Conclusion
To conclude, the problem of obesity is become a huge issue all around the world, in Australia also the obesity has become a huge issue. Out of five people, three are obese in Australia. The main reason behind the obesity in Australia are eating habits, Genetic issues, less physical activities, side effects of medicines and many more. To control the obesity in Australia, the government and many non-government organisations have conducted various activities and created some coalition. These coalition and activities are developed to spread awareness among people of Australia the side effects of obesity and to let them know measures with the help of which they can control their weight. In this, report some advocacy various advocacy strategies have been discussed with the help of which the government can develop a coalition and get support of stakeholders. Government and non-government experts with the help of Advocacy strategies can manage and evaluate the functions and working of coalitions and other organisation who are working to control obesity in Australia.
References
ABS. (2013). Overweight and obesity Retrieved from: https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/indigenous/Health-Performance-Framework-2014/tier-2-determinants-health/222-overweight-and-obesity.html
AIHW. (2018) Overweight and obesity Retrieved from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-statistics/behaviours-risk-factors/overweight-obesity/overview
Azevedo, S. M., & Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Ethical issues for public health approaches to obesity. Current obesity reports, 4(3), 324-329.
Baker, P., Gill, T., Friel, S., Carey, G., & Kay, A. (2017). Generating political priority for regulatory interventions targeting obesity prevention: an Australian case study. Social science & medicine, 177, 141-149.
BOND. (2018) Monitoring and Evaluating Advocacy Retrieved from: https://www.pointk.org/client_docs/File/advocacy/bond_monitoring.htm
Bowen, S. A. (2015). Exploring the role of the dominant coalition in creating an ethical culture for internal stakeholders. Public Relations Journal, 9(1), 2.
Britannica. (2018). Obesity. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/science/obesity
Buchmueller, T. C., & Johar, M. (2015). Obesity and health expenditures: evidence from Australia. Economics & Human Biology, 17, 42-58.
Christianson, J. B., Shaw, B. W., Greene, J., & Scanlon, D. P. (2016). Reporting provider performance: what can be learned from the experience of multi-stakeholder community coalitions. Am J Manag Care, 22(suppl 12), S382-S392.
Cooper, B. R., Bumbarger, B. K., & Moore, J. E. (2015). Sustaining evidence-based prevention programs: Correlates in a large-scale dissemination initiative. Prevention Science, 16(1), 145-157.
Fitzgibbon, M., Odoms-Young, A., Schiffer, L., Kong, A., & Blumstein, L. (2014). Adaptation and Dissemination of an Evidence-based Obesity Prevention Intervention. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 46(4), S192.
Fontaine, K. R., & Barofsky, I. (2010). Obesity and health?related quality of life. Journal of Obesity reviews, 2(3), 173-182.
Graham, B. (2018) Obesity doubles in a decade and one third of us are fat. Retrieved from: https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/obesity-doubles-in-a-decade-and-twothirds-of-us-are-fat-report-claims/news-story/e6573d6cde9d8435577a5b6c8646b428
Hall, K. D. (2018). Did the Food Environment Cause the Obesity Epidemic?. Obesity, 26(1), 11-13.
Huang, T. T., Cawley, J. H., Ashe, M., Costa, S. A., Frerichs, L. M., Zwicker, L., … & Kumanyika, S. K. (2015). Mobilisation of public support for policy actions to prevent obesity. The Lancet, 385(9985), 2422-2431.
Kadomatsu, T., Tabata, M., & Oike, Y. (2011). Angiopoietin?like proteins: emerging targets for treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. The FEBS journal, 278(4), 559-564.
Kirlappos, I., & Sasse, M. A. (2012). Security education against phishing: A modest proposal for a major rethink. IEEE Security & Privacy, 10(2), 24-32.
Kramer, M. S., Zhang, X., Dahhou, M., Yang, S., Martin, R. M., Oken, E., & Platt, R. W. (2017). Does fetal growth restriction cause later obesity? Pitfalls in analyzing causal mediators as confounders. American journal of epidemiology, 185(7), 585-590.
Lacy, K. E., Nichols, M. S., de Silva, A. M., Allender, S. E., Swinburn, B. A., Leslie, E. R., … & Kremer, P. J. (2015). Critical design features for establishing a childhood obesity monitoring program in Australia. Australian journal of primary health, 21(4), 369-372.
Lake, A. A., Henderson, E. J., & Townshend, T. G. (2018). Exploring planners’ and public health practitioners’ views on addressing obesity: lessons from local government in England. Cities & Health, 1(2), 185-193.
NIDDK. (2018) Health risks of being overweight Retrieved from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/health-risks-overweight
Offer, A., Pechey, R., & Ulijaszek, S. (2010). Obesity under affluence varies by welfare regimes: the effect of fast food, insecurity, and inequality. Economics & Human Biology, 8(3), 297-308.
Public Health Association. (2018). Seeking better population health outcomes based on prevention, social determinants of health equity. Retrieved from: https://www.phaa.net.au/
Roberto, C. A., Swinburn, B., Hawkes, C., Huang, T. T., Costa, S. A., Ashe, M., & Brownell, K. D. (2015). Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. The Lancet, 385(9985), 2400-2409.
Ross, S. E., Flynn, J. I., & Pate, R. R. (2016). What is really causing the obesity epidemic? A review of reviews in children and adults. Journal of sports sciences, 34(12), 1148-1153.
Sacks, G., & Robinson, E. (2018). Investing for Health: Potential Mechanisms for the Investment Community to Contribute to Obesity Prevention and Improved Nutrition. Current Obesity Reports, 1-9.
Warner, M. E., Xu, Y., & Morken, L. J. (2017). What Explains Differences in Availability of Community Health-Related Services for Seniors in the United States?. Journal of aging and health, 29(7), 1160-1181.
Williams, E. P., Mesidor, M., Winters, K., Dubbert, P. M., & Wyatt, S. B. (2015). Overweight and obesity: prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Current obesity reports, 4(3), 363-370.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download
