Discuss about the Issues That Relate To Otitis Media.
This paper discusses the issues that relate to the disease known as the Otitis media, it can also be called an ear infection. Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) is the accumulation of non-infected liquid in the ear space (Babu, Prabakaran & Radhakrishnan, 2016). The disease is common to most of the children under the age of 7 months up to 15 years. This type of the disease is characterized by an inflammation of the ear, as well as subcategorized into either chronic otitis media or acute otitis. The disease begins with viral infection or a bacterial from the throat then it spread into the ear, initiating the formation of fluids in the middle area of the ear (Walker et.al, 2017). The paper is divided into parts. The first part covers the background information of the infection and that of the patient. The second part discusses the management process of the infection (Babu et.al, 2016). The third part explains the duties of the interdisciplinary team that are involved in the care of the patient. The last part is the prolonged care education and possible co-morbid complications (Williamson et.al, 2015)
OME is the accumulation of the fluid in the middle ear with no symptoms and sign of the ear infection (Bruce, 2015). Approximately 2/3 of the children are being affected by the disease at the age of 3year. The incidence of the disease varies depending on the race and geographical variation (Rosenfeld, 2016). The prevalence of the infection is higher in the Native American because of the differences in the Eustachian tube and Skull base, and the differences in the socioeconomically status. The loss in hearing is mostly temporary (Williamson, 2015).
The management of the otitis media with effusion is divided into two parts: surgical and non-surgical intervention. The non-surgical intervention is made up of medical therapy, active observation hearing aids, and auto-inflation. The non-surgical intervention process is usually helpful if it could increase the resolution to the patient (Belkadi, Messaadia, Bernard & Baudry, 2017).
Active observation is that duration in which the patient diagnosed with the OME is being taken through observation for a period of 3 months after diagnosis earlier to surgical intervention. It refers to behavioral and educational strategies that can help reduce the loss in hearing before the consideration of the surgical intervention (Maio, Borges, Abreu & Queirós, 2016). All process will include facing Kevin who is a patient when speaking, using visual signals (for example pictures and hands), giving Kevin more attention before the start of the talk, lowering the noise from the background, talking openly with normal volume and rhythm. Other active observation which should be done to Kevin includes the following: Besides to speech, Kevin should be given the explanation on the pictures as well as asking questions, repeating phrases, words, as well as asking questions in case of misunderstanding, and placing Kevin close to them in the classroom. Specific advice should be given to Kevin with the intention of improving communication (Maatouk et.al, 2016).
The decision must be reached between the medical department and Kevin family on whether to perform the surgical intervention. The ventilation tubes should be inserted into the ear before the start of the surgery (Silva et.al, 2016).
The reason for the performance of the surgery in OME is when the disease is persistence and the patient continues to experience a hearing problem. It must be performed to the patient in order to minimize the risk of the disease occurrence and improve the hearing. Kevin should be given a bleeding disorder before the surgery (Hwang & Chia, 2016).
The surgical intervention must be done after 3 months when the disease persists. The use of VT insertion is the required procedure to be followed because it’s the safe procedure. Kevin should be also be subjected to the adenoidectomy if the disease continues to affect the Patient (Akazawa, 2018).
The disease is recurrent and therefore Kevin should be given advice on the post VT insertion which includes: to keep the ear dry, to avoid inserting the object into the ear and to use earplug when bathing and swimming.
Information for Kevin, parents, and Carers
Carers/Parents and Kevin will be informed of the effect and nature of the OME, as well as its natural resolution
Carers/ parents and Kevin will be given an opportunity of discussing the different options for treating OME, including their risks and benefits.
Verbal information on OME should then be offered to both Kevin and his family.
Assessment strategies- the basement ear assessment should be performed to the patient (Kevin), the assessment on the hearing process should be done to the patient this will help in knowing the intensity of the disease, Assessment should be done on the wound to reduce the pain associated with the surgery. The team should also monitor the healing process of the patient by examining the intensity of the pain. In case there is wound after the surgery, I will advise the care team to seek the help of the interdisciplinary team to help in the caring of the wound (Blioskas et.al, 2018).
Diagnosis can be made by the use of the otoscopic examination, taking history and audiological evaluation. The loss in hearing is the most common symptom (Atkinson, Wallis & Coatesworth, 2015).
Pre-operative represent the period between the performance of the surgery and the shift of Kevin to the operating table
Nursing duties include:
Assessment of the patient (Kevin), plan of care which will be based on the need of Kevin, identification of the Kevin health problems (both potential and actual), the preparation of the patient to surgery (psychological, social and physical)
Post-operative it represents the duration of admissions of Kevin to the care management room till the completion of the healing process. The nursing activities in this stage include planning process for Kevin home care, care to stimulate healing process, performing activities that could prevent complication and assessment of the Client’s (Kevin) reactions after the surgery.
Fear that is linked to the risk of death, fear linked to the effect of surgery, Anxiety related to inadequate knowledge about post-operative and pre-operative care, the disturbance on the pattern of sleep, fear linked to control loss during anaesthesia and fear linked to past experience surgery.
Nursing diagnoses that will be performed for the post-operative stage include:
The risk for damage associated to post- anaesthetic status, pain related to reflex muscle spasm, altered nutrition, inadequate for the total requirements for the normal function of the body, Risk for changed body hypothermia and temperature, pain in the eardrum and high risk of other infection due to surgery.
The patient ear will be examined by the use of Otoscope, this is an instrument used for examining the ear of the patients.
Formal assessment of Kevin who is the patient, in this case, should begin with:
1) Looking for the clinical history, focusing on:
Hearing fluctuation, poor educational progress, poor listening, and indistinct speech
2) Clinical examination, concentrating on:
Otoscopy, the health of the upper respiratory, general development of Kevin status
3) Hearing testing- they should be performed by the professional nurse using the test which can help in the development of the patient (Cevizci, Dilci, Celenk, Karamert & Bayazit, 2018).
The diagnosis process that takes place in both the pre/post-operative was to help Kevin to have a control of the strong pain that Kevin may experience before and after the surgery process. It also helps the Client of which in this case is Kevin to prevent the anxiety associated with the performance of the surgery. It also hastened Kevin healing process (Ghedia, Ahmed, Navaratnam & Harcourt, 2018).
Pain reduction and treatment of the disease is the specific goal that the care team will try to work towards. These specific goals will enable Kevin to solve the cases that relate to the OME. The satisfaction of the goal will enable both the family and the well wiser reduce the number of resources being spent on Kevin treatment. The evaluation of the progress will take place and it will be measured by examining the healing process of the Client who is Kevin. The resources which will be used in the fulfillment of the set goal will include the medical instruments and the human resources such as the use of the interdisciplinary team in the achievement of the set goal. The goal which was set is realistic because the all the team that is involved in the care management of will work smart to hastened the treatment process of the disease (Yoo et.al, 2018).
In order to achieve the SMART goals of treating Kevin back to his normal condition, the following intervention will be taken into consideration.
Preparing Kevin physically for the surgery- Kevin will be prepared both physically and emotionally. This will enable the smooth flow of the treatment process. The help of the professional Doctors will assist in the provision of necessary skills and knowledge on how the patient who is Kevin will be prepared for the surgery. The Kevin family will also be informed of the importance of all the treatment process that Kevin will be undergoing.
Offering emotional support to Kevin and his family- Emotional support will help the recovery process of the client who in this case is Kevin. The emotional support is provided for both the patients and his family. This will motivate Kevin and his family thereby increasing the healing process of the patient.
Adhere to the legal matters- the family should be advice on the importance of signing the legal content before the surgery as these will help in case of the complication during the surgery process (Cai, McPherson, Li & Yang, 2018).
Referral to the interdisciplinary team will be considered in a situation where there are no changes in the health of the patient (Kevin). The referral will take place when Kevin still experiences difficulties in hearing, specifically when there are social, developments or educational difficulties. The referral will also take place if there is pre-existing impairment in hearing.
If Kevin’s adenoids are affected, then it should be removed with the help of the Physician. The removal of the adenoids will hasten the fulfilment of the treatment goal.
The planned outcome and goal of reducing the pain and treating the disease (OME) were met this is due to the assessment of the client health which reveals that there is a reduction in pain. Based on the check-up performed to Kevin, the outcome is that the hearing level of the patient greatly improved because Kevin can now recognize the speech after two to three weeks of follow-up. There is the reduction of the pain. After the surgery procedure, the pain that Kevin was undergoing greatly reduced. The tool used in the performance of the analysis is the fixed-effect model. Though the evidence was bias because the tool provided the evidence that is of low quality but the team upgraded the evidence to higher quality.
The first member is the team of the physicians- Neuropsychologists, psychologists, internists, physiatrists- who administer the care plan for the patients and also oversee the medical need of the patients (Simon et.al, 2018).
Rehabilitation nurses- they incorporate evidence-based care into bedside care
Physical, speech and Occupational therapists- who develop and assess individualized programs that are useful for the need of the patient.
Case managers – who administer the plan to the patients from the admission up to when the patients are being discharged from the hospital care.
Social workers- they provide counseling and support to the families of the Patients and to the patients.
Registered dieticians- they solve the need for the nutritional needs of the patients.
Interdisciplinary team members involved in the treatment of Kevin (Patient)
Specialist physician-they help in the provision of medication and drugs.
Speech-language pathologists- They assess, prevent, treat language, speech, and swallowing disorders in the patients.
Rehabilitation nurses- They will assist the Patient (Kevin) to reach their full potential. The nurse will work with the Kevin family to ensure that he regained his normal status.
Pediatrician- they have special skills and training in the illness and disease that affect the development and health of the children.
Outline the pre-discharge education that would need to be provided to your patient and family, in order to promote a successful recovery. Identify and address your considerations for the child’s return to the remote community.
In order to promote successful recovery for the patient, the following education program should be performed: Kevin should be advice on how to keep the wound clean to prevent infections of the wound. The family should also be advised by the dietician on the diet that Kevin should take to help in the recovery of the disease. It is advisable for the patient to take specific diets that could control and hasten the recovery process. Any person who has undergone surgery should take the diet rich in minerals and vitamins (Ghedia, Ahmed, Navaratnam & Harcourt, 2018).
The OEM initiated another disease because of the wound which causes other illness to the patient. Strong pain also causes another disease like malaria to the patient. The research states that these comorbidities may prevent the recovery process of the OEM.
Conclusion
The OME is mostly prevalence to children under the age of 12-48 months. The significant risk factor for the infection is the adenoid obstruction which affects children. Symptoms duration, gender, and symptomatology are not an essential risk factor for the infection in children with OAD. The care plan was established following the framework of the CFCC, it allows the patients to be involved in the decision-making process pertaining to their treatment as well as improving the well-being of the patient families. The symptom of the disease involves loss of hearing which can be detected by the use of the audiogram.
1) This information should be given to the public care unit to assist them preventing the infection.
2) Children who experience obstructive adenoid infection should be examined keenly to avoid early infection of the disease.
References
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