Rain Catchment Systems For Addressing Water Scarcity In Nairobi, Kenya – A Project Study

Guideline Development and Designing of Assessment Approach

Discuss about the Project Researc On Rain Catchment Systems.

The final project is based on researching about the rain catchment systems that can be developed for Nairobi, Kenya. The rain catchment system is to be developed in order to address the persisting problem of water supply and supply of fresh water in Nairobi Kenya. This project mainly targets the rain water and Nairobi being near to the equator experiences a considerable amount of rainfall. The assessment associated with the selection of the rain catchment system is mainly based on four major stages, which are development of guidelines, designing of the assessment approach, collection of the evidences in support of the selected option and reporting the findings of the selected approach.  The guideline development is an important criteria for the selection of the approach. The guidelines are set in order to identify the problems that are needed to be addressed or the chosen solution is expected to address. The guidelines further make the implementation process of the project much easier. This is because the project team gets a proper knowledge about how to implement the project. This also ensures that there are very less chances of error in the project implementation process. The project aim is to address the water scarcity problem associated with Africa especially in Nairobi. Therefore, it becomes very essential to maintain and follow proper guidelines while selecting the final project that will be implemented in Nairobi. Guidelines help in selection of the alternative options for the project. This is because the project team is able to properly identify the actual requirements and concerns that should be addressed in the project. After setting up of proper guidelines for choosing and implementing the final project, it is very essential to design a proper assessment approach that will help in understanding whether the project is successful or not. Setting up a proper guideline helps in designing a proper assessment approach since the team members have a clear idea of what to design and the aim of the project. Choice of a proper approach of project implementation is necessary as the success of the project largely depends on the same. If the approach of implementation of the project is wrong, it becomes difficult to make the project a success. It is therefore termed as one of the optimum selection methodologies that are used in selection of the final project. After development of proper guidelines and the design approach it is important to collect proper evidences to check whether the identified solution will actually be able to address the problems that it is suppose to address. The water supply problem in Africa is huge and therefore, it is essential to evaluate whether the rain catchment system that is proposed to be developed for addressing the water supply problems in Nairobi will be actually solving the problems that are identified.  This is an optimum selection methodology since collection of evidences helps in designing a project in a particular manner. Therefore, it can be said that this assessment methodology is justified for the project as it takes in consideration the other available alternatives as well. The other alternatives of this project are evaluated after collection of proper evidences of the solutions that will be most beneficial to solve the problems associated with the availability of fresh water in Nairobi.

Collection of Evidences to Support Selection of Rain Catchment System

However, since water supply is a major problem not only in Nairobi, but also in the entire Africa, it necessary to identify any alternative solution as well that is linear with the selected methodology. Rain catchment systems will work only in the areas that receives optimum amount of rainfall and therefore it will not be a good solution for the places that receives very less amount of rainfall, for example Cape Town in South Africa. This solution is not optimum for Cape Town since this area of Africa receives little or no rainfall at all. The northern half of Africa is almost an arid area or desert while the southern and central areas mainly consists of dense jungle and Savanna plains that is rainforest regions. Therefore, it is obvious that the northern half of Africa will receive very little or no rainfall at all. Therefore, in those areas of Africa, rain catchment system will not work. However, this rain catchment system is a very good option for the areas that located in Central and southern part of Africa. The rain forest area receives quite a good amount of rainfall throughout the year and therefore, installation of the rain catchment system can be a good option to collect and store fresh water. This can solve the water supply problems of Africa to a considerably extent.  However, for this project the focus area is Nairobi in Kenya that receives quite a good amount of rainfall.

Since the focus of our project is Nairobi in Kenya, the rain catchment system of the project is justified. However, if an alternative solution for the project is needed to be chosen that can be applicable and can be implemented to any place in Africa, it is recommended that certain projects can be implemented that will deal with the reuse of water (Harrison & Lock, 2017). A sewage treatment process is therefore recommended as an alternative solution to the identified solution. Sewage treatment would definitely help in reducing the waste by reusing the available water (Garcia & Pargament, 2015). This can therefore help in addressing the water supply problem that is prominent all over Africa.

The optimum selection methodology for this alternate solution is mainly the evaluation of the needs and the requirements that are not addressed by the previously identified solution. This project will be easier to implement since similar projects are implemented in Africa in the past as well, especially in South Africa where the water supply problem is huge. The assessment criterion includes checking of the project’s feasibility before its design (SILvIuS et al., 2012). Furthermore, since these types of projects were already implemented in South Africa, in the past, it is easier to analyse and assess the feasibility of the project. Therefore, alternate assessment methods include researching the already existing projects and the qualitative data analysis of the previously undertaken sewage treatment process in South Africa.

Alternative Solution – Sewage Treatment Process

However, as discussed earlier, the sewage treatment process is considerably complex and it is a time consuming project process as well. Furthermore since the chosen area of focus is Nairobi, the option of rain catchment system is much more feasible and can be implemented with much lesser cost and time. Furthermore, since the rain catchment systems can be installed in the roof top of each household of the organization, it is expected that more people will engage in this process.

The alternative solution of the project that proposes a system for sewage treatment can be applied in Nairobi as well. However, our project focuses on the understanding the different usages of rain water catchment system that aims at harvesting the rain water which can be later treated properly for usage. Before designing the structure of the rain catchment system that will be implemented in Nairobi, it is very essential to evaluate whether this system will actually work in the same way. For ensuring that the region will be receiving the minimum amount of rainfall that will be necessary for carrying on with the project, the weather forecast reports of Nairobi is needed to be studied well. This is an essential process of the final project as success of the rain catchment system that is proposed for Nairobi is largely dependent on the amount of rainfall the area is receiving or will be receiving annually.

The final project will therefore have the following structure-

1. Evaluation of the feasibility of the project that will help in proper designing of the rain catchment system for the households of Nairobi. Feasibility analysis will evaluate whether it will be appropriate to use the roof top rain catchment systems or whether it would have been appropriate to choose a ground level rain catchment system. However, keeping in mind the population growth of the country it is not a good idea to engage the ground area for the proposed rain catchment system. Use of roof in installation of the rain catchment systems is subjected to the permission of the local people whose roof tops will be put to use. This should include a written consent from them stating that they will not be using their roofs for any other purpose without permission. The storage tank will further require a considerable amount of space and the size of the tank can be adjusted according to the space available. It is decided that an underground tank will be developed for storing the rain water as it will save a considerable amount of space.
2. Furthermore, in order to make the project a success it is essential to evaluate the space and the condition of the rooftops of the different households in Nairobi. This is an essential process of project design since the success of the project largely depends on the condition of the houses on which the rain catchment system will be based on. For this an inspection of the roofs should be done prior to the implementation of rain catchment systems.
3. Furthermore, for ensuring the success of the project thorough research is necessary to evaluate the different challenges and the implementation issues associated with the rain catchment system. This is one of the most significant stages in ensuring project success as it is very essential to address these issues in order to develop and effective design for the rain catchment system that will be implemented in Nairobi.
4. After performing the feasibility study of the project, it is essential to develop an effective design of the rain water harvesting that is being proposed for Nairobi Kenya. The design should be technically feasible and should provide a cost effective rain water catchment system that can be implemented quite easily by the people of Africa. Since Africa is a developing country, it is essential to design a cost effective rain water catchment system for Nairobi Africa.

Our project was based on providing an optimum solution to one of the crucial problems associated with a certain geographic area. For this, the water supply problem of Nairobi Kenya is considered  for this project. The population growth rate of Africa is huge, which is one of the major reasons of the water supply problem associated with Africa. The population forecast suggests that Africa will face more population explosion in near future. Therefore it is essential to propose and design an alternative solution to the most significant problem associated with Africa that is water supply problem.

 In order to understand whether the proposed solution is justified, the different benefits and the challenges associated with the rain water harvesting system is thoroughly researched by the project team members. After the thorough research, it has been evaluated deployment of the rain water harvesting system in Nairobi Africa is a cost effective solution in comparison to the alternative solution that is associated with the sewage treatment.

Assessment Methodologies for Alternative Solution

A strategic and planned approach has been implemented in analysing the significant problem persisting in Africa. This project has been undertaken in order to analyse and understand the different work processes associated with the implementation of rain water system for addressing the different issues faced by the people of Nairobi. In order to make this project successful and in order to ensure proper implementation of the project, different social, environmental and the economic considerations are considered. The costing process of the project has been considered as well in designing the final project.

The concept of project management methodology has considerably helped in understanding the different methods of suitable project selection (Heagney, 2016). The use of proper project management methodology ensures that the project is implemented according to a planned approach. For ensuring that the project is implemented after addressing all the issues, the project planning is made at the beginning of the project implementation phase that is in the project initiation phase. The different social, environmental and economic consideration associated with the project is discussed in the following sections.

Social consideration is one of the key considerations in the project implementation and planning. A well structured and planned intervention associated with a project mainly ensures the social considerations associated with the project. The term social considerations can be defined as the different factors that are associated with the interest of the individual groups, communities and the society as whole. Therefore social considerations play an integral role in this project since support of the people of Nairobi is very essential in successful completion of the project that is based on development of rain catchment systems that is to be installed on the roof top of the houses in Nairobi. This definitely requires support of the masses and therefore, social considerations are one of the major considerations that have been ensured while planning this project. Social consideration is furthermore important as it has a large effect on the surrounding community and on the workforce health and safety associated with the team. In project management, the social sustainability plays an integral role in proper implementation of a project (Purnus & Bodea, 2013). During the project planning phase, it has been evaluated the different social considerations that will be addressed in this project. These social consideration is associated with the health, productive and quality of life of the people who are associated with the project, mainly the people of Nairobi for whom the project will be implemented.

Rain Catchment System vs Sewage Treatment Process

The different social considerations associated with this project are as follows-

1. The project addresses the needs of the local people of Nairobi Kenya respecting their local culture. The main need of Nairobi is addressing the water supply problem which is a major problem not only in Nairobi but on entire Africa.
2. While implementation of this project, clear communication will be ensured with the local people as an important social consideration. Furthermore, a clear communication is maintained in the project team as well in order to ensure that no problem arises in the project implementation phase (Valdes-Vasquez & Klotz, 2012).
3. Before the actual implementation of the project, stakeholder and government consultation is fetched. This ensures that the project is implemented following a legal procedure and is an important social consideration associated with the project.
4. The economic condition of the local people is considered as well while designing the rain water catchment system for the project. The project is further focused on improving the condition of living of the local people. This project will improve the condition of living of the people of Nairobi by addressing one of the major problems persisting in Nairobi Kenya, that is the scarcity of fresh water (Bryman, 2015). The rain water harvesting system is an effective solution for addressing this problem persisting in Nairobi because the area receives an optimum amount of rainfall.
5. Another major social consideration associated with this project is supporting the local initiatives as well (if any). Supporting of the local initiatives is essential in order to obtain a greater support from the local people in implementation of the project (Buchholz & Volk, 2012). The local initiatives consist of development of sewage treatment plants in this area with the aim of reusing and recycling of the water thereby reducing the water wastage.
6. Another major social consideration associated with the implementation of this project is that the safety of the local people and the workers is needed to be ensured while implementation of the project. The project plan developed indicates the highest standards for ensuring safety of the employees, contractors and local people during the project implementation phase.
7. Ensuring least environmental damage is another essential social consideration associated with the project. Highest level of environmental management in the areas of project implementation is essential for ensuring least environmental damage.
8. The project solution that is proposed many not be only applicable for Nairobi but also applicable to the other areas of Africa as well. Therefore, as an important social consideration, development of the standards against the future projects should be properly measured.
9. Apart from the environmental damage it is to be kept in mind that the private property of the local people is not damaged while implementation of the rooftop rain water catchment system.

The above mentioned points indicate the major social consideration associated with the project. These social considerations if followed in a proper way will ensure successful execution of the proposed project. Social consideration is important for any project as it limits the process of implementation of the project in a legal way considering all the necessary requirements of the project. Addressing and following these social considerations is essential in order to gain the support of the local people in project implementation. Not only for the project, the social consideration and maintaining the quality of the product is essential in public procurement as well. The flawless implementation of the proposed project largely depends on the proper follow of these social considerations. However, the sourcing of the products is decided to be local for the project as it will reduce the transport costs as well. This is because if the local people of Nairobi are satisfied with the project implementation process, it is expected that they will provide a full support in execution of the project as well. Gaining the support of the people is therefore important in ensuring that the proposed project is implemented successfully.

The following section of this report gives an overview of the different environmental considerations of the project. Along with the social considerations, it is essential to evaluate the environmental considerations as well in order to minimize the ill effect of the project on the environment.

Environmental considerations evaluate the spectrum of the environmental media resources and programs that is affected by the planning and execution of a particular project. The previous section of the report evaluates the different social issues that are needed to be acknowledged in the project. However, not only the social issues, but also the environmental issues are needed to be considered as well in successful project execution. This contributes to the identification and addressing of the different environmental issues associated with a project (Corpade et al., 2012). Different human activity associated with the project might result in a long term impact on environment which must be reduced.

This project aims at developing a rain water harvesting system and therefore, it is expected that the project will not have any ill effect in the environment with the implementation of the project. Environmental considerations ensure that the project that is implemented creates a sage passage for the wildlife and incurs a less damage in the environment. This considerations are needed to be acknowledged as it might turn out to be very expensive for a project if it in anyway damages the environment.

Project Planning and Social Considerations

The different environmental considerations associated with this project is discussed below (Nouira, Frein & Hadj-Alouane, 2014)-

1. It is very important to ensure that the project is implemented in a planned approach and the process of implementation of project should ensure that less environmental pollution. The reduction of the non biodegradable waste is a major need in implementation of the project following the environmental considerations of the project.

Since the project is based on the development of the rain water harvesting system, it is expected that a lesser amount of non- biodegradable waste will be generated and therefore it can be said that this project addresses the environmental consideration of development and designing of the project in such a way that it minimizes the pollution in the environment (Ruepert et al., 2016).

1. Another major environmental consideration of the project is to minimize the land disturbance that might creep in due to the work activities associated with the project. This also includes minimization of the quantity of the soil lost during the project implementation or during land clearing. Since this is a small sized construction project, it is expected that the land or the soil will be affected during its implementation.

Since our project aims at developing a rooftop water harvesting system, there will be a little usage of land for the project. However, since the storage tank of the harvested water is planned to be underground, this environmental consideration is needed to be addressed.

1. Use of green materials can be considered instead of the traditional materials in order to ensure less environmental damage (Hwang & Tan, 2012). The use of green materials further reduces the environmental pollution and therefore, it is one major environmental consideration associated with the project (Hwang & Ng, 2013).

However, since the project is being proposed for Nairobi that is still developing, it will be a problem to use only green materials for the project since it will considerably raise the project implementation cost (Fundingsland Tetlow & Hanusch, 2012). However, the use of green materials will be promoted for the implementation process of the project wherever it is possible to use.

1. As an important environmental consideration, the material waste must be reduced as much as possible. Reduction of the material waste can be ensured by proper estimation of the materials required for the project. Proper estimation of the resource required for the project and the material used for the project is an important process of project management as well. The correct estimation of the project resources is therefore, not only integral for successful implementation of the project but also important for reducing the environmental damage as well. Since resource management and accurate resource planning is a part of project management it would not be a major problem to address this environmental consideration.
2. Apart from the responsible use of the materials needed for the project, it is also essential to consider a responsible disposal of the waste products which are a result of the project work, in order to reduce the environmental damage. Responsible disposal of the waste products is therefore one of the major environmental considerations associated with a project. Along with the responsible disposal of the waste products it is necessary to use recycled materials as well in order to reduce the ill effect on the environment. This environmental consideration is important to follow keeping in mind the economic condition of Nairobi.
3. There are certain environmental issues associated with the implementation and execution of any project, which should be avoided. One of which is production of hazardous waste which is capable of creating a huge environmental issue. However, since our project is based on development of a rain catchment system, it is expected that the generation of hazardous waste will be reduced.
4. Along with the reduction of soil pollution or contamination of the land with hazardous waste, the air pollution associated with the construction process and project implementation is needed to be reduced as well. Reduction of environmental pollution is therefore a much needed environmental consideration of this project.

The above mentioned points are the important environmental consideration that will be considered during the implementation of this project in a real life scenario. It is essential in order to reduce the environmental damage and also to promote green construction. The major environmental consideration that will be followed during the execution of the project is discussed; however these considerations can be modified during the project execution project. The project will be implemented in a legal way and therefore it is essential to keep in mind al the social and environmental considerations associated with the project.

Along with the environmental and social considerations that have been identified for the project, it is essential to include the economic considerations in the planning process of the project. It is necessary to develop the project plan consideration social, economic and the environmental consideration as it will be easier to get the project plan approved.

The economic considerations that will be discussed in the next section are very vital for consideration as the economic condition of Nairobi is not good and this area of Africa faces population explosion as well. Therefore it becomes very essential to implement a good project in a much lower cost. The economic considerations further ensure that the projects process that is needed to successfully implement a project is cost effective. The different economic considerations associated with the project are discussed in the following section.

An economic system mainly consists of the production, distribution and the consumption of the limited goods and services in implementation of the project. The economic considerations associated with the project are therefore an important consideration of a particular project. This project, which deals with the development and implementation of a rain catchment system for the people of Nairobi, these economic considerations are important. Huge challenges and poverty are faced by the people of Africa that affects the health of the individuals adversely and therefore the need of implementation of this project is quite huge. The main aim of the final project is to analyse the most significant issue of Nairobi Kenya that is water supply problem. The critical issues are needed to be evaluated properly in order to identify the suitable solution to the identified problem. It is decided that rain catchment systems will be proposed for Nairobi Africa that will help in harvesting the rain water that can be used for different usage and it will further help in addressing the economic issues associated as well. The economic considerations associated with the final project are as follows-

1. The direct costs of the materials associated with the project is essential to consider in the planning stage of the project as it will help in proper estimation of the budget requirements of the project (Khodakarami & Abdi, 2014). Direct costs are therefore major economic considerations associated with the project.
2. Apart from the direct costs which are very vital to consider in the project plan of a proposed project, the indirect costs are important economic considerations as well. The indirect or hidden cost include the time lost, loss of workers, time lost by the workers and so on. Indirect costs associated with a project further includes damage to the equipments or tools along with the cost incurred due to delays in implementation of different project process (Love et al., 2012). The overhead cost associated with the disruption of the work is also considered in the implementation process of the project as an important economic consideration.

These are the major considerations in the project implementation process as it can affect the schedule and budget of the project (Kerzner & Kerzner, 2017). The project budget is needed to include all these indirect costs as there is a probability that the project will face these economic issues during its execution. Furthermore, since the project is planning to involve the local people in order to gather maximum support, it is necessary to train the local people of Nairobi about the use and operation of the rain catchment systems. Therefore, the cost of training the people of Nairobi can be considered as an indirect cost associated with the project, which is an important economic consideration as well.

1. Every project is associated with some hidden cost which is another major economic consideration associated with a project. These hidden costs include clean up and repair costs, administrative costs, cost of fines and probable loss of the future projects due to adverse publicity. It is important to consider all these probable costs in the project in order to eliminate any problem in the implementation stage of the project.
2. The change or hike in the cost of labours is another important economic consideration associated with this project. Since it will take a considerable amount of time in implementing the rain catchment system in the different households of Nairobi, it is recommended for the project team to consider the hike in the wages of the labourers as an important economic consideration of the project.
3. Another economic consideration of the project is the probable cost of repair due to the accidental damage of the private property of the people of Nairobi during the project execution. It is essential to consider this cost since the project aims at providing a solution to a persisting problem of Nairobi and this cannot afford to damage the property of local people in its implementation.

These are the most significant economic considerations associated with the project which are considered in preparation of the budget and project plan. The quantification and the costing of the project are discussed in the following section.

Quantification and costing is the measurement of the cost of execution of a project for proper estimation of the project budget. The final project is based on development of the rain catchment system. At first it is decided that ten water catchment systems will be installed in the roof top of the ten chosen house in Nairobi in order to observe whether it is working according to the expectation. On getting a successful result, more rain catchment systems can be installed in more households in Nairobi. The cost of each of the different parts of the rain catchment system is needed to be evaluated. For getting a successful result, it is necessary to ensure that the project is implemented in a controlled environment. For ensuring the project is implemented in a controlled environment, it is ensured that the project is implemented in a planned approach. The quantification and the costing was the part of the plan. The project team members have also ensured that the climatic condition of Nairobi is thoroughly researched in order to ensure that the proposed rain catchment system can be effectively implemented in different places of Nairobi.

The cost estimation of each rain catchment system in represented below (Mun & Han, 2012)-

Quantity of rain catchment systems needed for the project = 10
Resources required (per rain catchment system)	Cost
Catchments	Depending on the area of the catchment, the average cost is $200
Soil excavation cost	$10 per cu. M
Brick work cost with cement mortar in ration1:6	$25 per cu. M.
Reinforced cement concrete (1:2:4) cu. m. 4700.00Including steel bars, shuttering etc.	$75 per cu. M.
PVC rainwater piping	$5 per 100 mm
Borehole cost	$4 per unit metre
Labourers and workers	$8 per hour

The table above gives an overview of the development cost of one rain catchment system. It is estimated that ten rain catchment systems will be developed for the project. It is estimated that the cost of each rain catchment system will be approximately $6750.

The costing includes only the material and the labour cost associated with the development of one rain catchment system (Vieira et al., 2014). It does not include the  cost including the cost of developing the design, transport cost and the indirect costs associated with the project. However, the materials and the labour cost can be considerably reduced as the materials and the labours will be hired locally.

In order to develop an accurate budget, it is necessary to develop a complete resource plan with a detailed estimation of the different resources associated with a project (Walker, 2015). The project lead will be responsible for identifying the resources required for the project. The above table gives an overview of the basic materials needed for development of a rain catchment system that can be used in estimation of the budget for development of ten rain water harvesting system for the people in Nairobi (Gurung & Sharma, 2014). The budget should consider all the direct and the indirect costs associated with the project. Proper project management skills will be essential for development of an accurate budget for this project. The budget of the project should include the material transportation cost, delays in  the schedule and budget for the bad weather conditions and material price hike.

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