A refugee is an individual who has been displaced from the place of his or her on score of political unrest, lack of economic opportunities and other factors and cannot return safely to his or her place of birth (Young & Chan, 2015). Thus, it is generally seen that these people seek asylum in the other nations of the world which are at least capable of fulfilling their basic psycho-social needs (Young & Chan, 2015). The concept of psycho-social needs has gained a considerable amount of prominence in the recent times and it is a reflection of this particular fact that the various nations of the world are taking this particular factor into consideration for providing better facilities to the refugees (Stewart 2014). One of the most important psycho-social needs of the refugees is basic healthcare facilities. Therefore, the various nations of the world and the nation of Australia are taking the help of various kinds of innovative methods to provide effective health care facilities to the refugees. Furthermore, the international “1951 Refugee Convention” of the United Nations has made it imperative for the various nations of the world to not only provide safe asylum to the refugees from the troubled nations of the world but also to take initiatives so that their basic psycho-needs are fulfilled in the most effective manner (Stewart 2014). This Literature Review will discuss about the health care facilities for the refugee people and its related aspects through the help of annotated bibliography.
Brough, M., Schweitzer, R., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Vromans, L., & King, J. (2012). Unpacking the micro–macro nexus: narratives of suffering and hope among refugees from Burma recently settled in Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 26(2), 207-225.
The authors in this article give an overview of the basic psycho-social “needs as well as the requirements” of the refugees from Burma who come to the nation of Australia to seek safe abode for themselves and their family members. The authors are of the opinion that one of the most basic psycho-social needs of these people is to get not only a safe place to dwell but also basic health care facilities which they their own home country failed to provide them. The authors are further of the opinion the refugees often had to dwell in unhygienic environments and therefore it becomes all the more important for the nation to provide them with effective health care facilities. One of the major problems identified by the authors for the current state of affairs is that the refugees from the nation of Burma are not getting adequate health care services. It is generally seen that although the nation has several heath care programs in place yet the refugees are not being able to utilize it because of accessibility issues which they face like inadequate information and others. The method of interview has been used for deriving the results which were required for the composition of this particular article. The authors interviewed 100 refugees and based on the responses which they got they came to the above mentioned conclusion.
Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 25(2), 129-141.
“Hassan, Ventevogel, Jefee-Bahloul, Barkil-Oteo and Kirmayer” discusses about the basic psychology needs of the refugees from the nation of Syria in the nation of Australia. It is significant to note that the nation of Syria is a developing nation with scarce health care facilities and more importantly in the recent times it has been affected the crisis which has received global attention. Thus, the authors state that the advanced health care facilities provided by the nation of Australia would act as a kind of boon for the people of Syria. The authors are further more of the opinion that the kind of health care which are being provided to the refugees is not up to the international standard and only redundant or rudimentary kind of services are being provided to them. The authors interviewed 64 refugees from Syria for the collection of data which was required for the composition of this particular article. The major focus of this particular article is on the psychosocial needs and not on the ways by which these can be fulfilled.
Lenette, C., Cox, L., & Brough, M. (2013). Digital storytelling as a social work tool: learning from ethnographic research with women from refugee backgrounds. The British Journal of Social Work, 45(3), 988-1005.
This particular articles focuses on the basic health care facilities which the women related to the refugee community require. The authors argue that more than the men of the refugee community it is the women who require the basic health care facilities. It is significant to note that biologically the body of a woman is weaker than the body of a man and therefore it is obvious that the health requirements of the women will be more than the men. Thus, the authors are of the opinion that the nation of Australia should focus on providing effective health care facilities to the women of the refugee community. The authors state that it is not that the nation does not provide adequate health care services to the refuges but it is seen that an accessibility gap exists between the services provided and the use of these services by the refugees. The major reason why the refugee women do not take the help of the services provided by the nation is that the refugee women have been used to traditional kinds of treatments where as the nation provides modern facilities which they often resist. The authors depended on the data collected from the health care service providers. The strength of this article can be said to be fact that this is one of the very few researches on the health care needs of the refugees which takes the help of digital media for the purpose of research. The weakness of the article can be said to be fact that the article focuses on the female refugees and not on the males as well.
Stapleton, H., Murphy, R., Correa-Velez, I., Steel, M., & Kildea, S. (2013). Women from refugee backgrounds and their experiences of attending a specialist antenatal clinic. Narratives from an Australian setting. Women and Birth, 26(4), 260-266.
The authors in this article seek to discuss about the discrimination which the women of the refugee community had to face at the various health care centers especially made for them. The authors further state that because of the cultural differences between the nation from which they had come and the culture of the country of Australia the refugee women often hesitate to take the help of the advanced health care facilities provided by the nation of Australia. The use of modern technologies for the process of treatment is one of the key factors which deter the refugees from the use of these services provided by the nation. The data required for the composition of this article was collected on the basis of the results of interviews with 89 refugee women. The weakness of the article can be said to be fact that the article stresses only on the health care needs and not on the way health care services can be provided to them.
Soldatic, K., van Toorn, G., Dowse, L., & Muir, K. (2014). Intellectual disability and complex intersections: Marginalisation under the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 1(1), 6-16.
The authors “Soldatic, Toorn, Dowse and Muir” in this particular article discuss about the marginalization which the disabled refugees had to face in the nation of Australia and more particularly at the various health care centers. The authors are of the opinion that one of the most common evils which the disabled people had to face throughout their lives is the menace of marginalization however the refugees had to face comparatively more amount of marginalization on the score of their being outsiders in the nation of Australia. The concept of mental disability is something which is often considered to a taboo by the refugees and this is one the factors which deters them from taking the help of these services. The authors collected the required data for the article from the various disability clinics of the nation. The weakness of the article can be said to be the fact that the article stresses only on the health care needs of the disabled people and the way it can be provided and not on the health care needs of the other people.
Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2017). The mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict: an ecological model of refugee distress. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 26(2), 129-138.
The authors “Miller and Rasmussen” in this particular article focus on the mental health care needs of the refugees especially the ones who had faced traumatic situations in their native country. Mental trauma is one of the basic problems which the refugees suffer from and therefore it becomes very important for the government of Australia to take this particular factor into consideration and provide effective mental health care facilities to the refugees. Furthermore, the government should also take the help of various other methods to relieve the mental stress faced by these people. The ecological model of health care services which is used by the nation for providing mental health care services to the refugees is one of the most advanced ones among the world however it is generally seen that the resistance of the refugees for the use of recent technologies causes the major problem of accessibility in this particular context. The authors depended on secondary sources for the collection of the data. The article focuses only on the health problems of the people displaced because of armed conflicts and not the other ones and furthermore no model for treatment has been proposed.
Renzaho, A., Polonsky, M., McQuilten, Z., & Waters, N. (2013). Demographic and socio-cultural correlates of medical mistrust in two Australian States: Victoria and South Australia. Health & place, 24, 216-224.
The authors discuss about the mistrust the refugees have towards the basic health care facilities provided by the nation of Australia. It is significant to note that the refugees had to face a lot of traumatic experiences in their native nation and thus it is generally seen that they see the basic facilities provided by the nation of Australia with a skeptical glance. Therefore, the authors come to the conclusion that distrust is one of the most basic problems which deters the refugees from taking the help of the health care facilities provided by the nation of Australia. The authors state that mistrust is one of the common reasons why the refugees seldom take the help of the recent innovative healthcare facilities offered by the nation. The data was derived by means of interview which was conducted with 108 refugees. The strength of the article is the fact that the article tries to give a genuine account of the relation between the doctors and the refugees. The article however fails to give an effective solution to the problem which it has tried to discuss.
Horyniak, D., Higgs, P., Cogger, S., Dietze, P., Bofu, T., & Seid, G. (2014). Experiences of and attitudes toward injecting drug use among marginalized African migrant and refugee youth in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse, 13(4), 405-429.
The authors in the article have tried to show that the advanced medical facilities provided by the nation of Australia often deter the various refugees from actually taking the help of these facilities. The authors take the particular example of the African people to show that the refugees who come to the nation of Australia are from the countries where they have never received advanced health care facilities and have been used to various kinds of unconventional methods of treatments. Therefore, the concepts of drugs, injections and others are totally new to them and they do not like to take the help of these services and this particular fact gives rise to the accessibility issues for the use of these innovative health care facilities. The authors collected the data which was required for the composition of the article through the various health clinics based in Melbourne. The weakness of the article is the fact that the article fails to suggest an alternative framework to injections and other drugs.
Sampson, R.C., 2015. Caring, contributing, capacity building: Navigating contradictory narratives of refugee settlement in Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 29(1), pp.98-116.
The author Sampson is of the opinion that the nation of Australia can provide effective health care facilities to the refugees by not only actually providing them various kinds of advanced medical treatments but adopting a more humane attitude towards them. The author specifically stresses on the need of showing care as well as contributing towards the growth of their community in a more effective manner for the process of providing them with effective basic health care facilities. The author is of the opinion that this is likely to give them not only a considerable amount of confidence but is also to remove their inhibitions. One of the major reasons why the refugees do not like to take the help of the healthcare facilities provided by the nation is because of the fact that it is often that the kind of behavior which the refugees had to face at these centers is not what they had expected. The authors interviewed 29 nurses for the collected of the required data. The strength of this article is the fact that it stresses on the concept of care for the purpose of the treatment of the refugees. The article however fails to provide an effective plan as to how the concept of care should be most effectively used for the process of treatment.
Wong, D. F. K., & Li, J. C. M. (2012). Cultural influence on Shanghai Chinese people’s help-seeking for mental health problems: implications for social work practice. British Journal of Social Work, 44(4), 868-885.
The authors in this particular article specifically stresses on the aspect of taking into consideration the cultural differences between the nation of Australia and the people who come to refuge in this nation. The authors specifically take the help of the example of the people from the nation of China. The authors are of the opinion that the government should develop their social work practices in such a manner that the refugees would feel to take the help of the health facilities provided by them. The authors took the help of surveys for the purpose of the collection of the required data. The article is one of the very few ones which take into consideration the factor of culture for the process of culture. The article however focuses only the people suffering from mental problems.
Kira, I. A., Amer, M. M., & Wrobel, N. H. (2014). Arab refugees: Trauma, resilience, and recovery. In Biopsychosocial Perspectives on Arab Americans (pp. 175-195). Springer, Boston, MA.
The article by the authors “Kira, Amer and Wrobel” focus on the psychosocial needs of the refugees from the Arab countries. The authors also come up with various kinds of means by which the nation of Australia can provide effective health care services to these people and at the same time help them to recover from the trauma which they had to endure in their native country. The authors have opined that the nation of Australia by providing effective health care facilities can significantly help them to recover from their traumatic past. Furthermore, the authors are of the opinion that the lesser number of mental health care centers which the nation has is one of the main reasons for the accessibility which the refugees face. The authors had to depend on secondary sources for the collection of data. The focus of the article is on the process of recovery and the role of the health care services within it. However, the article mainly deals with the individuals suffering from mental trauma.
Boyle, M. (2014). Occupational performance and self?determination: The role of the occupational therapist as volunteer in two mountain communities. Australian occupational therapy journal, 61(1), 6-12.
The author Boyle is of the opinion that one of the most basic psycho-social needs of the refugees is the jobs or the means of livelihood in the nation of Australia. However, it is often seen that the individuals had to take the help of various kinds of occupational therapy because of the hectic as well as laborious kind of work which they had to do. Therefore, the role played by the various occupational therapists becomes very significant in this particular context. The author gives an overview of the way the occupational therapists should try to simplify the lives of the individuals by giving them effective therapy. However, the author fails to take into consideration the other problems faced by the refugees.
Bentley, J. A., Thoburn, J. W., Stewart, D. G., & Boynton, L. D. (2012). Post-migration stress as a moderator between traumatic exposure and self-reported mental health symptoms in a sample of Somali refugees. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17(5), 452-469.
The authors of this article are of the opinion that the mental stress as well as other kinds of mental problems faced by the refugees is a cause of worry not only for these refugees but also for the nation harboring them. The authors in particular take the example of the Somali refugees and the mental health care facilities which they require. Therefore, the author is of the opinion that the various nations of the world should try to develop framework through which they can deliver effective mental health care facilities to the refugees. The authors try to give a model of the way the refugees should be given effective mental health treatment. However, the model provided is limited only to the mental health patients.
Patil, C. L., Maripuu, T., Hadley, C., & Sellen, D. W. (2015). Identifying gaps in health research among refugees resettled in Canada. International Migration, 53(4), 204-225.
This article of the authors “Patil, Maripuu, Hadley and Sellen” tries to highlight the gaps between the health care facilities proposed by the government of the various nations of the world and the actual health care facilities which the refugees and other marginalized sections of the society actually get at the various health care centers. The authors are further of the opinion that the bridging over of these gaps are very important as it is seen that the health care facilities are in accordance with the needs of the refugees and therefore if there is a gap between the facilities promised and the ones actually delivered then the needs of the refugees will not be fulfilled in the most effective manner. The authors took the help of the process of interview for the collection of the relevant data. The best part of the article is that it tries to show gaps between the proposed treatments and the ones which are actually given. However, the authors do not propose new interventions to replace them.
Mitschke, D. B., Praetorius, R. T., Kelly, D. R., Small, E., & Kim, Y. K. (2017). Listening to refugees: How traditional mental health interventions may miss the mark. International social work, 60(3), 588-600.
The authors in this particular article are of the opinion that the various nations of the world need to take the help of various kinds of innovative as well as technologically advanced methods for the treatment of the refugees. It is significant to note that the number of diseases faced by the refugees is more in number in comparison to the ones faced by the other individuals. Therefore, the governments need to come up with effective plans for providing them with better quality health care facilities as the traditional ones cannot do the same. The authors had to depend on the various secondary sources or the collection of the relevant data. The best part of the article can be sad to be the fact that article tries to show the ineffectiveness of the traditional systems of mental health interventions among the refugees. However, the authors do not propose new interventions to replace them.
The refugees residing in the nation of Australia face more number of health care problems on the score of the unhygienic as well as adverse situations in which they live. Therefore, it becomes very important for the government of the nation to provide better basic health facilities to them like regular health checkups, advanced treatments and others. Furthermore, the nation should also take into consideration the cultural difference factor while designing the health care facilities for the refugees as it is generally seen that these people are very skeptical towards the “recent technologies as well as innovations”. Moreover, the health care specialists also need to focus on the concepts of care as well as compassion during the process of treatment. In addition to these, the government needs to give up the old methods of treatments and develop intervention plans for the refugees which will focus on the use of the modern technologies for the process of treatment. It is significant to note that accessibility is one of the major problems which the refugees face regarding the health care services which are being provided to them. Therefore, it becomes important for the authorities to devise ways by means of which the health care services provided to them are more accessible.
Conclusion
To conclude, the refugees have become a part of the society of the various nations of the world and therefore it becomes very important for the various nations of the world to ensure that their basic health care needs are being fulfilled. One of the most important psychosocial needs of the refugees is the primary health care facilities. Therefore, the various nations of the world need to take effective initiatives to ensure that their health care needs are fulfilled. The concepts of care as well as compassion should be given priority for the designing of these facilities.
References
Bentley, J. A., Thoburn, J. W., Stewart, D. G., & Boynton, L. D. (2012). Post-migration stress as a moderator between traumatic exposure and self-reported mental health symptoms in a sample of Somali refugees. Journal of Loss and Trauma, management, 452-469.
Boyle, M. (2014). Occupational performance and self?determination: The role of the occupational therapist as volunteer in two mountain communities. Australian occupational therapy journal, 61(1), 6-12.
Brough, M., Schweitzer, R., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Vromans, L., & King, J. (2012). Unpacking the micro–macro nexus: narratives of suffering and hope among refugees from Burma recently settled in Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 26(2), 207-225.
Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkil-Oteo, A., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 25(2), 129-141.
Horyniak, D., Higgs, P., Cogger, S., Dietze, P., Bofu, T., & Seid, G. (2014). Experiences of and attitudes toward injecting drug use among marginalized African migrant and refugee youth in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of ethnicity in substance abuse, 13(4), 405-429.
Kira, I. A., Amer, M. M., & Wrobel, N. H. (2014). Arab refugees: Trauma, resilience, and recovery. In Biopsychosocial Perspectives on Arab Americans (pp. 175-195). Springer, Boston, MA.
Lenette, C., Cox, L., & Brough, M. (2013). Digital storytelling as a social work tool: learning from ethnographic research with women from refugee backgrounds. The British Journal of Social Work, 45(3), 988-1005.
Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2017). The mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict: an ecological model of refugee distress. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 26(2), 129-138.
Mitschke, D. B., Praetorius, R. T., Kelly, D. R., Small, E., & Kim, Y. K. (2017). Listening to refugees: How traditional mental health interventions may miss the mark. International social work, 60(3), 588-600.
Patil, C. L., Maripuu, T., Hadley, C., & Sellen, D. W. (2015). Identifying gaps in health research among refugees resettled in Canada. International Migration, 53(4), 204-225.
Renzaho, A., Polonsky, M., McQuilten, Z., & Waters, N. (2013). Demographic and socio-cultural correlates of medical mistrust in two Australian States: Victoria and South Australia. Health & place, 24, 216-224.
Sampson, R.C., 2015. Caring, contributing, capacity building: Navigating contradictory narratives of refugee settlement in Australia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 29(1), pp.98-116.
Soldatic, K., van Toorn, G., Dowse, L., & Muir, K. (2014). Intellectual disability and complex intersections: Marginalisation under the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 1(1), 6-16.
Stapleton, H., Murphy, R., Correa-Velez, I., Steel, M., & Kildea, S. (2013). Women from refugee backgrounds and their experiences of attending a specialist antenatal clinic. Narratives from an Australian setting. Women and Birth, 26(4), 260-266.
Stewart, M.J., (2014). Social support in refugee resettlement. In Refuge and Resilience (pp. 91-107). operations, Dordrecht.
Wong, D. F. K., & Li, J. C. M. (2012). Cultural influence on Shanghai Chinese people’s help-seeking for mental health problems: implications for social work practice. British Journal of Social Work, 44(4), 868-885.
Young, M. Y., & Chan, K. J. (2015). The psychological experience of refugees: A gender and cultural analysis. In Psychology of gender through the lens of culture (pp. 17-36). Springer, Cham.
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