Tourism Impacts On Machu Picchu, Peru: Positive And Negative Aspects

Positive Impacts

Discuss about the Impacts Of Tourism On Machu Picchu, Peru.

Tourism involves the movement of individuals to nations or places outside their typical condition for individual informal reasons or business purposes. The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industry thanks to increased globalization making it a boon for many nations especially nations that are in the development bracket and are entirely dependent on tourism as a major source of revenue for the nation (Enea 2007). Peru’s greatest tourist attraction is the Machu Picchu, it is proclaimed as the “Lost City of the Incas” by American voyager Hiram Bingham, who rediscovered the site which was almost forgotten over 100 years back has developed into a traveler magnet. Transports brimming with guests routinely crisscross here and there the street that prompts this container list goal constructed hundreds of years back, high in the Andes. Amid the rule of the once-capable Inca in the early ages, the site occupied roughly one thousand individuals give or take and last year it saw over five thousand tourists daily especially in the lucrative months of July and August. Therefore, this shows how precious the site is to the Peru government and its residents in general. However, the main question here is how tourism impacts a country? in particular Machu Picchu, Peru. The impacts; negative and positive are dived into several categories, these are the social & cultural impact, economic impact and finally environmental impact. These impacts will be discussed in this paper while reviewing their literature in perspective of Machu Picchu, Peru as a case study location.

Positive impacts

Through tourism employment and business opportunities are created exponentially. Over 1.2 million jobs are created both directly and indirectly which accounts for one out of every 12 jobs in Peru which is significantly a good number for the government to work with. The government of Peru is able to generate revenue significantly through tourism in macho Picchu both directly and indirectly (Lew, Hall and Williams2008). This is achieved through of accommodation and restaurants in the region, airport taxes sales taxes, Inca trail and Machu Picchu entrance fees etc. The entrance fees ticket which goes for roughly twenty dollars could generate close to two million dollars for the country while the Inca trail generates three million dollars annually. The region is also able to benefit from the foreign exchange where tourists from Europe, USA, and Asia are able to travel to the country Every time these tourists spend a dime through the purchase of goods, accommodation and so on in Peru, it will boost the country’s economy (Meng and Siriwardana 2016). This also contributes to the multiplier effect where injection of new money through tourism circulates the local economy. Since tourism has been a pivot to the success of Peru’s economy. It motivates the Peru government in developing and maintaining infrastructures such as better water and sewage systems, roads, electricity, telephone and public transport networks, this also results in improving the standards of living of the members of a community

Negative Impacts

The Negative Impacts

Increase in tourism activities tends to result in an increase in demand for basic goods that results in hiking of these prices. Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values. This results in increase living constraints for the local residents as it makes it harder to afford these good. Tourism improvement can cost the county governments and local citizens a lot of cash. Developers may need the legislature to enhance the airplane terminal, streets, and other foundation, and conceivably to give tax cuts and other money-related favorable circumstances, which are exorbitant exercises for the legislature. Public assets spent on sponsored foundation or assessment breaks may lessen government interest in other basic territories, for example, instruction and wellbeing. although tourism increases job opportunities in the country, some of the jobs tend to be temporally or seasonal. These jobs tend to be filled with insecurities since individuals are not assured of the next season. It also lacks quality in skills and motivational basis due to the lack of training, medical related benefits, and recognition of their experiences. Last but not least there are cash leakages in the sense that the cash earned by tourism does not remain in the nation but rather is utilized to pay for imports required by tourist(Meng and Siriwardana 2016).

Positive impacts

Tourism offers cultural exchanges through the interaction of different individuals from different backgrounds with different beliefs and practices fosters cultural exchanges which in the long run establishes peace and respect for each individual. Moreover, it offers a learning experience where local residents of Machu Picchu can learn foreign languages and new skills to further boost communications and improve the tourists experience at Machu Picchu. Tourism likewise helps the local residents in Machu Picchu with the budgetary estimation of natural and cultural destinations and can invigorate a sentiment pride in local and national legacy and enthusiasm for its protection. The foreign currency brought to the country motivates the Peru government to develop and maintain infrastructures such as roads, railways, and sewage which would not have been developed initially if there was no a Machu Picchu tourist attraction site. It encourages the residents to protect the attraction sites through civic involvement which instigates pride in their culture (Larson and Poudyal, 2012).

Negative impacts

May prompt the loss of customary qualities and culture through impersonation of tourist behavior or social dissemination coming about because of ordinary, regular cooperation. Tourism also limits resource and services for the residents in Peru in the sense that they compete for these services instead of using the more luxurious ones(Van den Berghe and Ochoa 2000). In the long run, it leads to increase in prices of goods and services due to the increase of good and services, this makes the cost of living for the residents to increase exponentially. Desecration of burial sites and the removal and display of human remains from Machu Picchu to further stimulate tourism. This has contributed to the destruction of the Indian spiritual heritage which has caused a stir in the Indian community which could further lead to a negative attitude towards tourism by the Indian community in the region. Since some of the jobs related to tourism are seasonal and not of quality, it could lead to some of the residents turning to crime which is also spearheaded by overcrowding and congestions in narrow roads and footpaths

Positive Impacts

Positive impacts

Tourism can fundamentally add to natural security, protection, and reclamation of organic assorted variety. What’s more, feasible utilization of characteristic assets? On account of their appeal, perfect locales and common zones are recognized as important and the need to keep the fascination alive can prompt formation of national parks and untamed life parks. Public appreciation and environmental problem awareness are constantly increased by tourism through bringing people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This encounter may uplift the consciousness of the estimation of nature and prompt a naturally cognizant conduct and exercises to preserve nature. In the event that it is to be reasonable over the long haul, tourism must fuse the standards practices of economical utilization.

Up to 2,000 individuals visit the Machu citadel consistently, with guest numbers developing at 6 percent a year. The site is by and large gradually eroding by vacationers’ feet as well as the residents. Moreover, Machu Picchu is situated among the steep inclines that are continually being disintegrated by overwhelming downpours and landslides which are a common thing. Despite the fact that the recuperation of the original terraces, a considerable lot of which, is covered under the vegetation, helps to stabilize the slopes and ensure conservation, it is a costly undertaking (Vilímek Klimeš , Vlcko and Carreño 2006). The number of individuals climbing along the Inca Trail ascended from six thousand in 1984 to eighty-two thousand in 2000 and continues to rise years down the line. The trail is being disintegrated and tea packs and water bottles litter the course, where campgrounds are rare. Unorganized urban development in the region with human waste drew coordinate into the Urubamba stream. Aguas Calientes has mushroomed in measure as more lodgings and eateries have been worked to oblige the requirements of visitors, and the weight is obvious in the piles of refuse heaped along the banks of the Urubamba river. Helicopters have been permitted to fly in sightseers and work low-flying visits, thereby irritating the serene nature of the remains, as well as possibly harming them. Peru’s Institute of Natural Resources said those flights prompted the vanishing of an uncommon type of orchid and the Andean Condor from the area. along the Inca trail, timber has been cut for fuel which has caused forest fires on occasions in the region which has debilitated Machu Picchu. The main method of travel to Machu Picchu was through train which was essential since it kept tourist under control in reaching the site. However, plans to build a road from Cuzco and a cable car running from the valley to the top of Machu Picchu could lead to irreparable harm being done (Van den Berghe and Ochoa 2000).

Negative Impacts

Conclusion

The increment of international tourism to Peru as a result of globalization has enormously affected the improvement of Peru and the Peruvian resident’s thanks Machu Picchu. As Peru industrializes by including more framework, for example, hotels and accommodations or methods of transportation, the social-culture, economy and particularly the environment are influenced in many ways. Since the tourism business is an essential and developing industry in Peru’s economy, local modernization improvement of infrastructure and natural obliteration are generally being influence (Larson and Poudyal, 2012). Peru pulls in numerous vacationers due to its regular magnificence and customs, yet it is obvious that these angles are being overlooked and decimated by the government keeping in mind the end goal to create through modernization. The recently growing tourism industry in Peru ought to profit the nation and its kin, yet there are numerous staggering impacts as Peru builds up this industry through modernization. However, Machu Picchu is a key attraction in Peru that ought to be preserved by both the residents and the Peruvian government since tourism is a key industry in the country’s economy

Enea, C., 2007. The tourism industry of ethics and tourism. Management and Marketing Craiova.

The tourism industry is one of the biggest enterprises on the planet, and in spite of late occasions that have made its working condition more mind boggling, the industry keeps on developing Proportionate to the measure of the business is a development in the quantity of understudies seeking after degree courses in tourism around the globe. In spite of an inexorably advanced writing, the relative recency of the business and its examination has implied little consideration has been paid in the morals writing to the predicaments confronting tourism chiefs and its understudies. In light of meetings with senior individuals from the tourism business six situations are created with relevance to the difficulties looked by industry experts today.

Larson, L.R. and Poudyal, N.C., 2012. Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: A case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. Journal of sustainable tourism, 20(7), pp.917-938.

This journal article investigates the mind-boggling issues encompassing tourism at Machu Picchu and presents a potential arrangement: a versatile administration approach in view of the UN World Tourism Organization’s (UNWTO) practical tourism system. This integrative system represents numerous points of view and combines different objectives grasped by various partners, including the Peruvian government, global protection associations, outside voyagers, private visit administrators, territorial experts and indigenous groups. The emphasis on Machu Picchu as a versatile administration contextual analysis site diagrams key advances prompting execution, offering arranging and arrangement suggestions for manageability activities at various creating world tourism goals confronting comparative political and financial difficulties.

Positive Impacts

Lew, A.A., Hall, C.M. and Williams, A.M. eds., 2008. A companion to tourism. John Wiley & Sons.

This book illustrates how tourism is considered in the light of late hypothetical improvements in tourism ponders and the sociologies, and in addition sensational changes in the working condition for tourism. A basic outline of flow investigate in tourism thinks about. Offers peruses a chance to reassess enter topics in tourism thinks about in the light of late improvements, for example, psychological militant assaults, SARS and the money related disappointment of aircrafts. Involves 48 extraordinarily appointed papers, composed by in excess of 50 recognized specialists from around the globe. Spreads bleeding edge points of view and themes, incorporating tourism’s part in globalization, supportable tourism, and the state’s part in tourism advancement..

Meng, S. and Siriwardana, M., 2016. Assessing the Economic Impact of Tourism: A Computable General Equilibrium Modelling Approach. Springer.

This book utilizes a processable general balance (CGE) show – a broadly utilized monetary model which utilizes genuine information to give financial investigation and approach evaluation – and applies it to monetary information on Singapore’s tourism industry. The creators set out to exhibit how a fledgling modeler can procure the essential abilities and learning to effectively apply general harmony models to tourism thinks about. The parts disclose how to construct a calculable general balance show for tourism, how to direct reenactment and, above all, how to examine demonstrating comes about. This connected investigation goes about as a demonstrating book at both early on and middle of the road levels, particularly focusing on understudies and specialists who are occupied with and wish to learn processable general balance displaying. The creators offer astute investigation of Singapore’s tourism industry and furnish the two understudies and analysts with a guide on the best way to apply general balance models to real monetary information and reach exact determinations

Van den Berghe, P.L. and Ochoa, J.F., 2000. Tourism and nativistic ideology in Cuzco, Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), pp.7-26.

The city of Cuzco, Peru, is a noteworthy fascination, both in its own privilege and as a passage to Machu Picchu. This examination investigates the connection between the improvement of ethnic tourism and a nearby philosophy of adoration for the Inca past and for all parts of indigenous culture, including the Quechua dialect. In spite of the fact that incanismo and tourism have very unique roots, they bolster cooperatively on each other: both are world class marvels. The previous is an energizing philosophy of nearby pride and identification of territorial personality, particularly for the urban instructed classes of the city of Cuzco which are likewise the important recipients of tourism. In the meantime, nonetheless, incanismo explains and keeps up a patrimony that pulls in visitors, and this cultivates the bundling of a tourism ware

Vilímek, V., Klimeš, J., Vlcko, J. and Carreño, R., 2006. Catastrophic debris flows near Machu Picchu village (Aguas Calientes), Peru. Environmental geology, 50(7), pp.1041-1052.

Slope movements together with concentrated river disintegration and the accompanying amassing are the main procedures in the landscape advancement in the territory of Machu Picchu town (previous Aguas Calientes), which is found near the Machu Picchu Sanctuary. Flotsam and jetsam streams influence the bottoms of valleys or gullies, as well as garbage fans at the ends of the seepage bowls, which are vigorously occupied at a few spots. The latest occasion in the Machu Picchu town happened in April 2004, yet a few others were reported in a more extensive region in the last 50years. The field examinations at Machu Picchu together with oral declaration uncovered the nature and conduct of the flotsam and jetsam stream. Machu Picchu town can be surveyed as a zone with high avalanche hazard in connection to its urban improvement. Regardless of that, the town recorded a fast development (triple populace increment) without urban control inside the previous two decades. Precipitation, which is the primary activating component of the flotsam and jetsam streams, and normal risk administration of the Machu Picchu town are talked about in this paper.