Discuss about the Understanding Of Product And Data Interpretation.
Information is contextual understanding product and data interpretation. It is the necessity medium through which expertise, knowledge, judgment and decisions taken by individuals is exposed, communicated and shared with others. Information management from organizational aspects to invoke the activities that support the lifecycle of information management from construction, representation and management through to interaction and reuse (Menkhoff, Evers and Chay, 2010). An information intellectual organization is one which considers the value of data or information and can successfully analyze, discover, assemble, search, benefit and reuse all sort of information products need for any of its process. This is certainly important as competitive benefits today makes data a core requirement for business process, increasing performance of organization and obtain effectiveness of operation (Li and Poon, 2013). An Enormous information is exchanged and lessons learned are accomplish in BIM activities. However, recent knowledge management practice is an individual process and no procedure has been established to collect those lesson learned in BIM (Chong and Hermreck, 2012). This would lead to lose the knowledge that will have bad impacts on BIM model and collaborations. Therefore, an integrated technique to perform knowledge management within the scope of BIM is required, so that the knowledge received from the validation system of lesson learned can be gathered in knowledge management system. This research intends to construct new building approach that will associate BIM and KM to fully collect and reuse knowledge in BIM movement, and facilitate constructing lifecycle mode and operation
The ‘knowledge base’ represents to the types of data, information or project knowledge that is to be handled or managed. This KM (Knowledge Management Processes) defines to the activities and tasks that are executed to manage knowledge, within the project or organization context which is even called as process shaping factors (Robinson, 2010). Information is contextual understanding product and data interpretation. It is the necessity medium through which expertise, knowledge, judgment and decisions taken by individuals is exposed, communicated and shared with others.
The concepts of information, data and knowledge are closely related and it is commonly considered that knowledge has higher level than information, and information is considered to be higher level than data.
Data is a group of raw facts
Data is a group of distinct, objective facts about action and offers no interpretation and no feasible basis of events. Data are syntactic things and patterns without meaning, and available in usable or non-usable patterns without any implication beyond the existence.
Information is well structured and interpreted data
Information is well structured data provides with meanings, and is executed from the interpretation data process. It represent information as data that are progress to be useful, promoting solution to ‘who‘, when’, ‘what’, and, ‘where’ questions”.
Knowledge is extracted information
Today knowledge is become the most essential resource and asset for industry. Knowledge is dynamic justified belief of truth, and it is developed by individual and association communication in the society. It is the function of data and information, and it answers ’how’ questions. Although, Knowledge is developed through subjective efforts and involve judgment related to data and information. Data is a carrier and collection of information and knowledge, and a publish for knowledge transfer and information exchange (Sarngadharan and Minimol, n.d.). It is determine that information is related and detailed to the past and the present, while knowledge can be utilized to predict the future within a particular limit. The role of knowledge is to promote the operation of transforming data into information through interpretation of data, receive new information from existing information through expansion, and achieve new knowledge through learning.
A holistic approach to information management needs the integration of tools, skills, processes and strategies within group to manage all sort of recorded data through its complete lifecycle from creation to deletion accompanied by essential technologies and administrative infrastructure. Such techniques requires an appreciation of how the industry can best structure, use and explicit data to achieve desired outcome across it’s processed of diverse. Many technologies do exist which plan to enable this, however critical to the holistic approach success is emphasis on corporate policies and strategies guiding the benefits and evaluation of appropriate technology. A holistic approach to information system consist of four key components which is necessary to ensure the techniques is appropriate and contextual to support organization efficiently. The components are:
Content Model
Content model representing the nature of content, structure, lifecycle, business application, suitability for the industry and attributes. This also contains taxonomy and metadata
Enterprise Model
Enterprise model is depend on research of the organization, culture, its operation, partners, and supply chain management based on their communication with information through process.
Technological requirement
Technological requires to facilitate the execution of the predefined strategy also called as system or technology.
Implementation & Change Management
Change and implementation management is to maintain the transition and accompanied to the strategy implementation. Precede to providing the findings, it is essential to differentiate Information Management and other integrated concepts in both practice and research.
Knowledge management tie on a large number of diverse sector such as:
The above points is by no means an intensive list but promotes to show the highly varied roots that knowledge management develop of and continues to be depend on now. The multidisciplinary characteristics of knowledge management shows a double-face sword: it is an advantage as probably anyone can recognize a familiar foundation upon which to base an understanding on the one hand and even process of knowledge management.
The model and construction process is associated with numerous stakeholder and participant working together as temporary professionals through the procurement process to construct and implement unique solution to meet the client requirements (Luo, 2012). The outcome resulting from this often complex communication are created through the spontaneous exchange off information. Due to the complex nature of this data for executing the task at hand, maintaining it has been discovered as crucial to efficient delivery of the projects. Construction analysis into information management concentrated on the environment of the project frequently highlighting the requirement for enhanced coordination and collaboration between stakeholders. Indeed, strides create in this field have given rise to emergent standard for collaborative information environments. While group in the construction industry generally works on projects, project centric aspects does not define all the data created, distributed and managed within the association, nor does it enable group working on multiple projects to control cross-project data. Managers also lack considerate of the wider problems around information management, the kind of information different people within their group require and want, and how to create and implement a suitable information management strategy to support their corresponding organization. This study looks provides the findings from a detailed research into information management in construction industry.
Information Systems in Construction Management explains the business globe is instant changing, and the move in significance in management in group from tactical to strategic is very clear. The construction field is becoming more dynamic, and requires to think differently about how it will organize Business in a highly competitive surroundings. A study recognize that IS/IT can be implement to, and assist, the construction field in three main operation, namely:
To highlighting the strategic importance of Information system in the construction industry, and represents that information system is very critical to business performance of the two group. Figure 2.3.1 represent some examples of generic and proprietary kind of IS/IT rule which are essential in construction. These involves, Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD), accounting system and quantities bills. Manual mechanism are important (Shally-Jensen, n.d.). A key tender decline of these systems at the time the advance is to be submitted could be of critical significance. Figure 2.3.1 role of information systems in construction industry.
Various of the more recent benefits in Information system technology that are utilize in the construction industry, involves the Internet, wireless technology, and World Wide Web (WWW), integrated databases, videoconferencing, electronic tendering and recording.
Information is a key assets in the construction field, and software developers, researchers, and practitioners are now implement information system to automate named phases of the construction operation. Considering the relevant limited detailed inquiry that has been taken in this area. it is very complex to represent the outlook and boundaries of the performance and benefits of Information System in construction industry. For many construction group Information System encompasses the utilization of all electronic equipment of data transfer, while others view information system as the use of the recent technology, and some view it as portion of management strategies. This divergence has led to the amount of various information system representation within the construction field. Consequently, an information-centric representation might be that information system comprises the need of electronic system and programs for storage, processing and production of information. This definition demonstrates the important aspects that information system plays in developing the effectiveness of interaction and exchange information in the context of controlling construction progresses. The successful achievement of construction projects based up on the effectiveness, accuracy and timing of the information exchange between the members in the project team.
The factors that prevent the adoption of information system in construction industry include:
The literature offers ambiguity about the received strategic role of information system in the field of construction and its implementation in process. The research also found that information system played a key portion in the execution of construction projects and many construction industry had advantage from the strategic moment offered by information system.
Coordination between trades of construction is quit challenging. The old 2D drawing based process is often period’s complex to follow for the participants of the project. Resolution and identification of problems often needs a great deal of technical experience and skill. 3D building information model (BIM) and touch screen offering technology create process easy to understand for entire participant of the project. The ease in which problem can be discovered and promoted helps to facilitate interactions among the trades and leads to more interference resolution (Machado and Davim, 2014). The virtual trade association progress is a valuable process that can be evaluated during pre-construction stage and during MEP coordination process in the phase of construction. Designers and subcontractors develop digital, 3D modes of the corresponding scope of work depends on their model documents. These designs are then uploaded to a common server which then associates the discipline, design and trade particular designs into a consolidated 3D model and from the combined model, develop Clash Repots (Zhang, Han and Zhao, n.d.). The Clash Report and models in coordination meeting with the subcontractors and designer are inspected and solution to the analyzed issues are discussed. The designer and subcontractors update their designs and 3D-models and resubmit the 3D-designs for next phase which based on the above discussed solution. The level is repeated until all associated parties have confidence in the development of construction of the coordinated design. The MEP-association process is non –linear which means that the subcontractors create their models in parallel, initiate with vertical shafts, major parts of equipment and trim and major lines (Svenson, n.d.). Once these materials are integrated the subcontractors expand on details (Lytras et al., 2010). MEP engineer determines the sequence of association and expands the phase of details in drawing. BIM can be used to provide a comprehensive design of the construction project quantities. Model based measuring systems enables calculators to assign properties to 3D building elements. Estimators can easily able to filter quantities, discover constructability problem and develop cost estimates by using Model Based calculating system.
BIM is a key technology which is used for the association of project management and constructing information. Constructing information designing and design execution is an evolutionary process, and it is difficult for us to collect knowledge in this progress from one level to another (Kuchiki, Mizobe and Gokan, n.d.). However, recent BIM technique is not matured enough to execute and collect knowledge, and knowledge management is a stand-alone method which is separated from BIM practice.
Knowledge management conduct, plans, motivates, and maintain individuals and IS to enhance the organization’s knowledge property and development efficiency. Content of knowledge management system processes is knowledge execution, codification of knowledge and coordination, and transfer of knowledge. Even though, knowledge management consist five processes that are construction, validation, distribution, presentation and application. Knowledge management is used to accelerate the association improvement by properly practice these processes (Linger, 2013). The significance of well-designed knowledge management technique has been entirely identified, and the knowledge management has become one of the main area for decision making and business aspect processes. In the survey organized by KPMG (2003), a vast part (80%) of the participating industry identified knowledge as their strategic properties, and few representatives even determined that a possible 6% of annual revenue was due to the decline of knowledge management. The objective of knowledge management is to improve the productivity and the manner of team works through a knowledge distributing platform (Mill, 2016). In order to accomplish success, a group should execute knowledge management activities as an entire, and motivate individuals to utilize the process. Knowledge acquirement is to identify and store knowledge, and evaluate information acquired. Knowledge distribution is to exchange and transfer knowledge to an organization through some platform like phone, document and the internet; reuse of knowledge is to re-execute knowledge collected for innovation; and knowledge management is to extract knowledge in the repository, and only keep the essential information up-to-date. The implementation of knowledge management in association should promote knowledge transfer cross various projects, as well as gaining and storing knowledge in powerful way. The organization’s knowledge data and innovation capacity should be enhanced in the process of management.
Recent BIM applications are information-supported building modeling techniques with satisfactory element-relevant information commit to each portion of the design. Knowledge management is an independent and separate process, with no composition with BIM implementation. As a result, the KM and the BIM techniques have to be regulate and control separately, thus minimize the ability of project collaboration. As both of them are achieved throughout the lifecycle of a project. Then, knowledge is known as higher level of information, it is beneficial and practical to split the border of them and coordinate into BKM (Building Knowledge Modeling). To minimize the search capacity in the process, an additional passage that shows information about the input data is joined to enable the information cooperate visualization (Lee, 2009). In such case of the system, the visualization ability and effectiveness would be enhanced by responding on the information abstracted from the resources. Furthermore, knowledge from the user is the essential section of the visualization process and inadequate domain knowledge generally reduces quality of the performance (Plattner, Meinel and Leifer, 2015). Therefore, a knowledge-based system that contain expert knowledge is append to utilize the operation by promoting domain knowledge distributing and reusing between various users. BIM can be developed in the same way, by elaborating information exchange into knowledge distribution with the combination of a complete functional KMS. The BIM applications and Knowledge management system which stores knowledge in a Knowledge Management repository are joint and operated simultaneously to fulfill information exchange requirements of BIM application and knowledge sharing, capture, reuse and maintenance requirements of Knowledge management.
Conclusion
This paper promotes the research from an investigation into the essence of Information management in the Construction Industry reflecting the multidimensional essence of a holistic approach. The research highlight the significance of an association aspects on information management and the rising practitioners are laying on how information can be better controlled to support their major processes. Business process for which the technology is proposed and the received value of the innovation for the business. BIM has been widely used in the A/E/C industry with the aim to build a virtual facility design precede to constructing it physically to facilitate collaboration and model (Thatchenkery, Avital and Cooperrider, 2010). It originated from BDM, which handled a construction project by unstructured date such 2D drawing and old CAD technologies etc. knowledge management is critic to improve the productivity and adaptability of a project. It equips groups or organization with competitive advantages and facilitates business reflective and decision making processes. From the research in the paper, we can see the feasibility and possibility of the BKM approach by associating knowledge collect and reuse in BIM uses with the integration module knowledge. A succeed BKM strategy is having the capability of collecting, distributing, reusing and managing knowledge sequentially in the collaboration and communication activity throughout the lifecycle of building. The BKM approach activates a comprehensive knowledge management techniques as well as building information to facilitate collaboration of team and project management. Additionally, redundant and unwanted rework can be minimized by fully using expert knowledge to facilitate energy effective model.
References
Chong, W. and Hermreck, C. (2012). ICSDC 2011. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers.
This resource taken from American society of civil engineers and it describe about how information system adopted construction industry.
Kuchiki, A., Mizobe, T. and Gokan, T. (n.d.). A Multi-Industrial Linkages Approach to Cluster Building in East Asia.
This journal describe about the multi-industrial linkage of construction which utilizes knowledge management.
Lee, I. (2009). Selected readings on information technology and business systems management. Hershey: Information Science Reference.
This resource is taken form information science and it represents business system management and IT and its uses in this construction field.
Li, R. and Poon, S. (2013). Construction Safety. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
It describes the holistic approach of knowledge management
Linger, H. (2013). Building sustainable information systems. New York: Springer.
The resource is taken from New York springer and describe knowledge management and knowledge integration.
Luo, J. (2012). Soft computing in information communication technology. Berlin: Springer.
It describes the information system Barriers to successful IS implementation in Construction Sector.
Lytras, M., Ordonez De Pablos, P., Ziderman, A., Roulstone, A., Maurer, H. and Imber, J. (2010). Knowledge Management, Information Systems, E-Learning, and Sustainability Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
The resource is taken from Berlin, Heidelberg: springer and describe knowledge management and knowledge integration and information system research.
Machado, C. and Davim, J. (2014). Transfer and management of knowledge. London, England: ISTE.
It describe potential knowledge integration in BIM and benefits of model based estimating.
Menkhoff, T., Evers, H. and Chay, Y. (2010). Governing and managing knowledge in Asia. Singapore: World Scientific.
The resource is taken from Singapore: World Scientific and it demonstrates knowledge management and holistic approach of KM.
Mill, J. (2016). A System Of Logic, Ratiocinative And Inductive. Dinslaken: Anboco.
It describes characteristic of knowledge management.
Plattner, H., Meinel, C. and Leifer, L. (2015). Design Thinking Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
It describe about model research in information management and potential knowledge integration in building model.
Robinson, H. (2010). Governance & knowledge management for public-private partnerships. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
It describe about knowledge integration and detailed description of data, information and knowledge concepts.
Sarngadharan, M. and Minimol, M. (n.d.). Management information system.
It describe about management information in system in construction industry and collected business process research to achieve in field.
Shally-Jensen, M. (n.d.). Careers in building construction.
It describe about knowledge management to building construction and additionally explain about business model estimating and also about building information model advantages and tools.
Svenson, N. (n.d.). The United Nations as a knowledge system.
It describe briefly about data, knowledge and information and knowledge system in united nation how they achieve business plan using this knowledge system.
Thatchenkery, T., Avital, M. and Cooperrider, D. (2010). Positive design and appreciative construction. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing.
It represents building information model in potential knowledge integration and also explains BIM concepts.
Zhang, H., Han, M. and Zhao, X. (n.d.). Advanced research on industry, information system and material engineering IV.
It describes about advance research about information system and how knowledge management utilizes those construction tool to achieve their business strategy using BIM technology
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