Question:
Discuss about the Effectiveness of Pragmatic Lifestyle for Chronic Diseases.
Chronic condition or illness is a prolonged illness or condition to a human health that cannot be cured. Chronic diseases are persisting and their effects come with time (DeCensi et al 2010). Human beings have to live with chronic condition by managing it. The common chronic diseases are cancer, diabetes, HIV/Aid, Arthritis, stroke, and Asthma. Chronic diseases are the leading cause of deaths in the World accounting for 60% total death per year (Green et al., 2015). Chronic diseases are common and costly to human beings that impacts people economically and socially. They make patients vulnerable to other infections. Many chronic illnesses are both manageable and preventable. Chronic diseases are highly linked to an individual lifestyle (Owen, Bauman, & Brown, 2009). Chronic diseases can be prevented by avoiding tobacco, regular undertaking physical exercises, and eating nutritious foods. On the other side, chronic diseases can be managed by eating healthy food, exercising and taking medications to prolong one’s life.
The following write up discusses a case study of Ann Nobis who has diabetes for the past ten years. Ann Nobis is an Australian citizen and was diagnosed with diabetes in 2007. Ann is 45 years old and has been working as a hotel manager for the past 20 years. Diabetes is a complex condition and affects the entire body. Diabetes is condition that occurs as a results abnormal high level of glucose in a person’s blood. Ann suffers from Diabetes type 2 that is a condition as a result of the body not making or using insulin. Ann is also obese. The write up will involve discussing Pathophysiology of diabetes, the impact of the disease to the patient and her family and recommendation on diabetic prevention and pharmacological management.
Ann had the following symptoms; first, Ann experienced frequent urination and increase thirst. The excess sugar in the bloodstream builds up causing fluid in tissue to be pulled off leading to dehydration. The tissues get dehydrated that leads to Ann drinking more water and consequently urinating more. Ann was urinating more times per day than a normal person and felt thirsty throughout the day (Noto et al., 2012). Secondly, Ann has increased hunger. Ann confessed that she felt hunger even after immediately taking a meal. This symptom was as a result of her body organs and muscles becoming depleted of energy. This is because there is no enough insulin in the body to move sugar to her cells that triggers hungers. Thirdly, Ann lost weight. Even with increased eating to reduce hunger, Ann lost weight. She recorded 5% weight loss (Chiuve et al., 2012). Ann’s body with type 2 diabetes has no ability to metabolize glucose leading to the body opting for alternative fuels that is stored in the muscles and fat. The calories that can be used in the body are released as excess glucose from the body in form of urine. This leads to the body losing weight despite increased food intake (Esser et al., 2014). Fourth, the Ann’s body is fatigue. She gets tired walking around or undertaking easy chores at home. She feels tired and irritable. The body cells are deprived of glucose that energizes the body cells to work. The fatigue in her body cells cause her to fell tired ad be unable to carry out her duties in her daily life. Fifth, Ann said that she was experiencing blurred vision. She could hardly clearly see objects especially from a short distance. This was caused by high blood sugar in the body that pulled the fuel from her eyes lens (Noel et al., 2009). This led to her eyes being affected hence losing ability to focus on objects. Lastly, Ann confessed that she had slow healing sores. The sores took longer than expected and she was forced to visit her doctor even with minor cuts.
Type 2 diabetes has caused serious health complication to Ann. Type 2 diabetes is as a result of insulin resistance which is likely to be a combination with reduced insulin secretion (Dabelea et al., 2014). This has become a lifelong disease and has affected how her body handles glucose in the blood. The pancreas produces insulin but Ann’s cells do not use the insulin as it is supposed to. The pancreas produces more insulin than normal to get all glucose into the cells which it not able to keep up leading to sugar building up the blood instead. This is a result of insulin resistance by the body. The overproduction of insulin happens for a long period until the cells producing insulin in the pancreas wear out. In this case, an individual loses 50-70% of the cells producing insulin for the disease to be diagnosed (Bunck et al., 2009). Therefore Ann’s illness was a progressive condition on destruction of cells producing insulin in her pancreas.
Type 2 diabetes condition is caused by ineffectiveness of insulin. Insulin is produced by pancreas gland. It is the pancreas that secretes insulin to the blood stream. The insulin then circulates in the whole body enabling glucose to enter to the body cells. This process lowers the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. The production of insulin is stimulated by the amount of sugar in the blood. Glucose (sugar) is an important source of energy for body cells. The human body muscles and tissues require glucose to function normally through provision of energy. Glucose in the body comes from either the liver or food. The condition of Type 2 diabetes occurs when this process does not work as expected. This leads to glucose instead of being absorbed in the body cells, it remains in the bloodstream (Ferrannini et al., 2010). This accumulates sugar in the blood cells lending to increased insulin. The insulin producing cells becomes impaired and is unable to produce more insulin that can meet the demand of the body.
Type 2 diabetes is contributed by several factors; first, it the genes of an individual body. Scientists have established that different bits on one’s DNA do affect how the body makes insulin (Volkmar et al., 2012). This means that the illness can be genetically transferred from one generation to another. If one person in the family has type 2 disabilities, the other members from the same family are likely to have the same condition at a certain period of their life. Secondly, type 2 diabetes can be contributed by extra weight of one’s body. Being obese causes insulin resistance. This is more likely when the weight is around the waist of an individual. Thirdly, diabetic condition can be contributed by metabolic syndrome. People who suffer from other conditions such as high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high cholesterol, extra fat, or triglycerides are at more risk to getting insulin resistance (Forslund et al., 2015). Fourth, having too much glucose produced by the liver. When the liver produces glucose even when there is glucose from food, put an individual to a risk of having high blood sugar that can damage the insulin producing cells (Dunkley et al., 2014). Lastly, type 2 diabetes can be contributed by bad communication between cells or broken beta cells. This leads to cells sending wrong signals that cause insulin to be sent on the wrong time increasing the blood sugar. The high blood sugar then damages the cells producing the insulin leading to type 2 diabetics.
Ann also had several comorbities as a result of type 2 diabetes. She was diagnosed with one kidney failure. Ann’s one kidney was damage in 2015 and it was removed. This was a as a result of damages caused by diabetes in the kidney tiny blood vessels. Secondly, Ann eyes got damaged that led to seeing problems. Diabetes damages the retina blood vessel. The blood vessels are dehydrated and lack supply of energy that lead to dysfunction. Thirdly, Ann had foot damage. Her feet nerves were damaged together with poor blood flow that led to foot complications. Lastly, Ann developed a skin conditions. Her skin developed black spots around specific area. These infections were as a result of insulin resistance in the body causing dark patches (Lewis et al., 2011).
Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong condition that has no cure (Ley, Hamdy, Mohan, 2014). The condition has adversely affected Ann’s life and her family. First, the condition has impacted Ann’s ability to work. Ann used to work as a manager in a hotel in town where she lost her job two years ago. She was unable to meet targets as a result of stagnated and decreasing performance in the workplace. Secondly, type 2 diabetes has led to Ann losing her one kidney. The condition damaged her left side kidney leading to it removal. Thirdly, Ann has developed eyes problems where she has to use a pair of glasses and attend regular checkups to her optician. Lastly, Ann cannot walk without external support. She needs to be supported or use a wheelchair to move. Her foot has been damaged by type 2 diabetes condition (Hayward et al., 2015). On the other side, Ann’s condition has affected her family in several ways; first, her family has incurred high budgets to maintain her condition and attend medications. The family takes the responsibility of paying hospital bills for Ann. Secondly the family has been stressed over Ann’s condition. The family at first did not understand her condition. This caused anxiety in the family that led to stress (Vijan et al., 2014). Lastly, the family lost a bread winner. Ann was a bread winner in the family who turned to a dependant in her family. This situation has exposed the family to financial constrains.
Type 2 Diabetes is a condition of a patient’s pancreas not working effectively. The pancreas does not produce optimum insulin to enable absorption of glucose top cells leading to high blood sugar (Bauer et al., 2014). The following strategies can be used to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes;
Healthy eating: This involves eating a healthy diet that maintains or reduces one’s blood sugar for patients (Van Acker et al., 2009). Diabetes can be prevented by eating balanced diet and avoiding food with high levels of calories. It is also important for an individual to avoid tobacco because it stimulates diabetes. Eating well enables manage blood glucose level and body weight (Zinman et al., 2015).
Undertake exercises regularly: This involves engaging in physical activities that increase metabolic activities of the body. Exercising enables patient insulin to work more effectively. Exercising also reduces the risk of heart disease and lowers the blood pressure (Zoungas et al., 2014).
Monitoring blood glucose regularly: This involves taking blood sugar test regularly to monitor it level. This strategy enables one to know if the treatment followed is adequate in controlling the condition. Monitoring enables making of informed decision on managing blood sugar (Matthews, 2012).
Pharmacological management of Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes can be managed in several ways and each case is different. The following are pharmacological recommendation to Ann condition;
Metformin: This medication helps the body to use insulin produced effectively.
Sulfonylureas: This medicine enables the body to produce more insulin to enhance absorption of glucose by the muscles and tissues (Kahn, Cooper, & Del Prato, 2014).
DPP-4 Inhibitors: This enable reduce blood glucose level.
SGLT2 Inhibitors: It prevents kidney from reabsorbing glucose from the blood.
Insulin Therapy: These are injected to control blood sugar. They include; insulin glulisine, insulin aspart, insulin isophane, and insulin lispro (Nathan et al., 2009).
Conclusion
From Ann’s case study, type 2 diabetes is a lifelong condition without a cure. The illness is a condition where there is insulin ineffectiveness causing high blood sugar. This condition can be contributed by genes, metabolic syndrome, liver producing glucose, overweight, and miscommunication between insulin producing cells. Type 2 diabetes damages the kidneys, eyes, foot, and the heart. The condition symptoms are impaired healing, weight loss, increased thirst and urination, fatigue, and inability to see clearly. Type 2 diabetes causes other complications such has foot, kidney, eyes, and heart diseases. The condition can be managed or prevented by eating healthy diet, monitoring blood sugar level and regularly exercising.
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