Water Challenges Facing India And The Importance Of Addressing Them

Population and Water Scarcity

Question:

Briefly describe key Water Challenges facing India and Explain why it is very Important to address these Challenges.

The major problem in India is population. With the increasing nature of population water scarcity and water management is the crucial issue for the nation. There are numerous water sources but most of the sources are not used or it staged for different reasons. In this report, the possible infrastructure of the water resources and global advancement of water challenges is discussed. There are two sections in India, Urban and Rural and both these sections are facing some water challenges and these water challenges create stagnancy in their development in agriculture, industries, and education as well (Files.Ethz.Ch. 2017). All these things are interrelated as more than 700 million people are residing in 15 diverse environmental regions covering about 1.42 million have the facility to contain this facility. Most of the constructive challenges have faced by them. In a survey, it was proved that 37.7 million Indians are affecting from the water-borne diseases and these diseases are happened due to contaminated water (Files.Ethz.Ch. 2017). 1.5 million Children have affected due to diarrhea that impacted over the huge challenge for the nation. Nation’s economy is also affected by the water problems 73 million working days are lost due to that water contamination. This is the reason behind the economic fall as people are not coming for work and has created a burden of $600 million in a year (Thatte, Chandrakant 2017).

As per article 47 in the Indian constitution, providing clean drinking water facility and improving the public health is the clear motive that Indian Government has stated to their civilians but most of the people in India suffering from the water contaminated disease (Chaudhuri, Sriroop and Mimi 2016). The government has taken certain initiatives for the development of water structure in India and in the 10^th plan government has estimated 1,105 billion rupees for the safe water providence process. This is stated as an argument that the expenses are enormous but it is also factual that in spite of such outflow lack of secure and protected drinking water continues to be a major obstacle and a nationalized financial saddle. Underground water is the major source of water and most of the people intake this water thus as per the average water availability it is predicted as India will be a water-stressed nation in 2020 (Files.Ethz.Ch. 2017). 85% of the population in India depends on the underground water resources and that is the reason that underground water is considered as the most important resources in India (Bajpai et al. 2015). Water quality monitoring is important parts of water validation and for this reason, more secure water hopefully deliver in most of the places in India. From the government data analysis, it was found that 91% of urban people and 94% of rural people are healthy drinking water and that water is not contaminated as well.

Water Challenges in Urban and Rural Areas

There are certain water challenges in rural areas, however, there are several plans are not proceeding accordingly as the initiation from the government is not effective enough to covey this. A good amount of 1,105 billion rupees has been already invested by the Government and that was estimated of the safe drinking water. The five-year planning was implemented in 1951 but still, most of the major struggles are imposed over that place and the economic burden and affect have consolidated that place as well. India only has 4% of freshwater resources and that will be distributed to the population (Fischer et al. 2015).

The challenges that are controlled by the government of India as 16% of world population are established in this nation. A huge amount of people have not intake this little amount of fresh water, rather they have to intake contaminated water which creates the problem of the people to sustain their physiological function in a systematic way. Most of the rain or snow water is considered as the fresh water and around 4000 Billion Cubic Metres (BCM) all these participate via seas and rivers. So the 92% of underground water is used in the agricultural sector and industrial and domestic sector as well (Srinivasan et al 2017). Thus the problem arises when the little amount of water was distributed in all these sectors and consumption of people was less in that flow. Starting from the early independence there are several policies implemented by government and several committees are formed in this case to support the population in terms of providing safe water to their civilians.

The first committee was “The Environment Hygiene Committee (1949)” which will consolidate the distribution of safe water to 90% people in 40 years’ time frame. There are some of the program launched and supported by UNICEF and in this phase, 254.90 Crore rupees was spent and almost 17,000 piped water supply system has been introduced during that time.

In the transition technological implementation, Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) has been introduced in 1972 for the better coverage of drinking water in India and that program assisted the states and Union territories of India (Dutta et al. 2015). In 1986 The National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) has formed by the government and that create a drafting of national water resources policies.

In the session of restructuring system, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) has introduced in 1991 and that amends the system of drinking water providences and also constructs and reform the government processes in rural water needed areas. Almost 90% of the infrastructure was funded by the government remaining contribution was made by the community contributing (Amerasinghe et al. 2013). The sector initially covers up 67 districts and all these districts have equally changed their identity by providing a good amount of water to their region.

Impact of Water Challenges on Public Health and the Economy

At the modern section of the consolidation phase, the process started in 2000 and still this consolidation process of water development is going in most of the rural areas. The pattern of Swajaldhara scheme was implemented in 2007 was a five-year plan that has been stated as the 50:50 shares in between state and center. There is no need for community contribution rather the approach of the 11^th five-year plan has encompassed all the individual possibilities like clean water drinking, access to food, public health care and maintaining hygiene and sanitation (Ghosh, Ruchira and Arun 2014). All these are inter-related and that becomes an extra burden for the individual to maintain the economic and physical sustainable condition.

In the operational level of water management, there are certain difficulties that have found by the government while implementing the process (Hoekstra, Arjen 2014). These are the execution of rural drinking process where 44.5% of funds have been used and 53.5% of the work has completed. In other words, the additional approach of expenditure and the execution of the scheme are an important aspect of the government. These challenges are:

• The developmental framework of the key resources of water is the basic factor that encompasses the water management.
• Contaminated water has iron, nitrates and all other impure impingement that became the reason behind people suffering as whenever they intake this water health unbalancing situation was persisted.
• Groundwater exerting is the major problem for the Indian civilians as most of the people have this water and for this reason, their agricultural aspect or the general aspect of living depends on that (Greenstone, Michael, andRema 2014). The quality of water has taken from the underground level is not at all appropriate in terms of the need for the people in rural area.
• The fertilizer and the use of pesticides in agricultural field are creating damage to water and this is the reason water become contaminated and environment get polluted. The effort for groundwater and rainwater becomes limited if the organic pollutant has mixed with water and that create a hazardous problem for the rural people.
• The behavioral practice and hygiene maintenance are important for mitigating the contamination of water and that proclaims secure water deliverance to rural people (Goss et al. 2014). The profitability and dumping waste sometimes create a problem for the contamination and for that reason a better profitability and accession is addressed by the government.
• The Central Water Commission is responsible for the water irrigation and drinking water processes and that is the reason behind the fresh surface water availability which is allocated in the Inter-state sessions. All those industries are based on that particular water availability and that determines the quality of investment in the economic section of the nation (Sivarasu, ChandiraSekaran, and Karthik 2015).
• The Ministry of Pollution Control Board and State Water Pollution Control Board was going to make some of the sewage channel systems and these effluents are creating a passage for the contaminated water and those formulated situations are handled by the government and community people (Duraiswami et al. 2016).
• Spreading disease is another challenge that happened due to government intervention as this is one of the major challenges for the government to provide a good amount of water hat consolidate the disease maintenance and provide safe water for drinking, though these are sustained in fewer amounts.
• WHO has reported that 5% of the GDP of the total nation has been estimated for the public health expenses and that impacted the national economy as well. Most of the hospital care and critical situation allotment is happened in India due to contaminated water and government was trying to mitigate that for the long session of the period so that arising health hazards can be adjusted as well as economic balance is maintained.

Clean water accountability and formulation or the investment that government has done for the proposed plans are promptly incorporated in some of the sections (Tortajada, Cecilia 2016). Most of the rural places are still same where government initiation and effective policy implementation is not working at all and people are not intaken secure water as well. In the article 21 the personal liberty and protection of pollution-free source of water are the major concern for the government thus their initiation has taken place for the improvement of the water security (Sharawat et al. 2017).

Urban water management is important for the public health as most of the economic foundations are done in these areas. Public health and environment outcome also leveled with that issue and that creates the problem for the desired security in water. There are several health issues due to water and sanitation processes, thus government needs to take some predominant steps to mitigate this type of situation. Diarrhea is a most common disease in children below 5 years and 25% of global diarrhea death cases occur in India (Sivarasu et al. 2015). The decreasing quality of water intake and that provokes the health issues for the urban people (Hutchings et al. 2016). In the 12^th Five year plan, the future approach for the water management has consolidated and that provoked the stated stages of implementation of the urban settlement. There are certain city development plans and use of underground water is the major issue of the sustainable urban water development (Paramashivaiah and Suresh 2016). In case of less than 1, 00,000 people Stage I township is applied. Stage II is imposed for the people in between 1, 00,000 and 1 million. Stage III imposed over 1-5 million. So it was very clear that segmented version of cities and regions are defined by different stages and that also cover by policies implemented by the Indian Government (Cronin et al. 2014).

Initiatives Taken by the Indian Government

In the urban water management, there are certain proposed strategies that have found for the location-specific manner of water distribution. The settlements include:

• Reuse of water and focusing on the recycling of water.
• Increase the number of water footprint and reducing the industrial sewage and contaminated water.
• Use of eco-restorative and implementation of low-cost technologies for the development of the water (Wang et al. 2016).
• In case of groundwater, the need for sustainable following manner is important.
• Local water bodies are needed to be protected by the government and that initiated the expansion of better and wider water distribution.
• Management and distribution of the ware bodes and the water resources are the main criteria of the urban water planning and that initiate better and secure water implementation.
• Capacity building is the major distribution that initiated by the local water bodies and that is the main reason behind water inappropriateness in India (Nair,Shadananan 2016). The recent water conclave situation will happen when the water conclave will be placed in New Delhi on 28^thNov, 2017.
• Use of thermal power plant is the most important technological assessment that created enhancement in the water development of India.

Household arrangement and distribution of water in urban areas is the major need that endorses in this situation. Most of the household (70%) have accessed tap water and 40% of the urban households have not accessed this facility. In between them, 49% of people have piped water supply in their premises and that is the reason the fresh water is needed in that as if the water is getting contaminated then most of the cases people are having this and then that much of water impacted over that (Pastakia, Astad 2014). As the population has changed the improvement in an urban water supply is also predicted. 84% of water supply has improved in this case and that protected the Indian from the contamination of water.

The water sewage connection and the conventional way of water distribution are related to storage, diversion and pipe treatment of the urban area. For the calculated level of the classification maximum water supply level has estimated at 150% and that develop the water supply and treatment process in urban areas (World Health Organization, 2015). Sewage and city planning is the important issue in that case and that will bring up the effective challenges for the water management. In that proposed structure, there are certain challenges that urban water management has to mitigate. In that case, some of the challenges are:

• Local government has a poor view of their water policies and that is the reason behind the improper water distribution. Water is not properly distributed in all the sectors and that became the huge challenge for the government (Scott et al. 2015). In other words, the problem is facing in term of piping system has concerned and related to the decisions made by the government.
• Another challenge has faced by the urban people is the weak finance of the local government is having (Nandi, Sangeeta and Shama 2013). As the most of the local government has not enough money to implement some of the project related to secure water service and that is the reason safe water is not coming their way. For the better understanding of urban water management, most of the housing infrastructure needs to be revised so that proper planning or water supply can sustain (Goss et al. 2014). Most of the case the adequate mechanism of storage can maintain an operational process and that defines the small-scale business in terms of water delivery.
• Another major challenge in storage device section is water distribution system and that analyzes the expansion of covered area in case of critical issues (Chambers 2014). Most of the distribution losses and essential operational and management system in the urban areas need to be intervening by the Indian Government as they have to modify the distribution panel.
• Physical maintenance and operational maintenance both are interrelated to that the progression of water development and that will create additional water distribution and losses in terms of maintaining the water sustainability in India (Dutta et al. 2015).
• In terms of determining the resources India, more effective planning is needed from the nation’s point a view. The five-year planning has implemented in the agricultural sector and industrial sector in terms of delivering adequate water in all places.

Therefore, Ministry of Urban Affairs (MoUA) has implemented some innovative strategies and that develops the urban areas as well. Town and Country Planning Organization is the enactment process of government policies and that also stated whole administration process and effective provincial municipal administrative actions are taken in that case. The planning is very important in that case as the urban community development and slum areas problems are the hike problems for the urban areas thus sufficient water supply is the key maintenance for the developmental nature in urban areas(Fuller et al. 2016). The 11^th Five Years Planning under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) has been implemented by the government and for those 5098 towns in 63 cities are benefitted. These implemented policies strengthen the development land and productivity of cities in terms of delivering water facility in the regulated framework. Urban Infrastructure Fund is formulated for the better coverage of water productiveness and facility from the drinking water amenities and gaining good health for the urbanization process (Nagendra, Harini and Ostrom 2014). The major sources of water in urban areas are rivers, groundwater, lakes, and tanks. The groundwater scarcity needs to mitigate by the technological innovations and that is the major reason behind the other provisional sector defection in water (Schäfer et al. 2014). A private source of drinking water now emerges in this condition as the major changes and the cumulative effect of public demand of water make a commendable change in terms of changing the dimension of the water supply scenario in India. As most of the populations are registered in the urban section of areas thus their lifestyle and infrastructural accession are needed by the water and that will bring up the private organization to leveling water as a priced item in the market (Saleth, Rathinasamy 2016).

Challenges in Water Management

Water is a fundamental necessity for all life forms and is also a secure resource, hence must be used efficiently and with careful planning. While India has almost 18% of the global population, it only has 4% of the global renewable water resource, which only goes on to show the importance of proper water planning (Grumbine et al 2013). With growing population and the need to provide the entire nation with the water that is needed for sustainable development, coupled with rising challenges of drought and floods in different parts of the country every year, there will soon be conflicts within the provinces and the regions regarding the allocation of water. Water flow has reduced below ecological standards and this constitutes further challenges for the water use of the country.

There have been several concerns regarding the management of the water sources in the country, among which, a few are:

• Rapid population growth and large parts of the country being hit by water shortage have led to a critical condition in many parts of the country (Amerasinghe et al. 2013).
• Water governance is still not a major point of concern, which only contributes to the problem further
• It is a fact that sea levels are rising due to global warming, and this has caused the groundwater to become saltier, which means a further reduction in the usable water quantity (Grumbine et al 2013).
• Though water is a community resource, it is still considered to be private property by many and is exploited in abundance by many, which makes it hard for some others to get access to drinkable water
• Intra-state disputes about water stigmatizes relationships between the provinces
• Proper sanitation and sewage water access is also at time difficult to obtain in many areas

National Framework Law is an umbrella term that has been developed by the Government of India that would be looking into the different issues that are faced by the people in terms of access to water and aim to mitigate those issues. Governing bodies at the central, state and local levels would be employed by the government to make sure that every available resource is accessible by everyone and is used in an efficient manner (Grumbine et al 2013). This framework would be recognizing water as not only a community resource, but as a scarce one, and implement effective regulations to make sure everyone is given access to it.

Climate change would be the biggest threat against water resources and hence it must be ensured at a micro level so that every community can adopt climate resilient technology so that the adverse effects of the same can be minimized (Srivastava et al. 2015). These adaptation strategies can include better management of the water resources, most notably through better agricultural strategies, that would be using the water resources more thoughtfully. The water resources structures such as dams, flood embankments have to be incorporating possibilities of climate changes when being designed so that they can also serve their purpose in the future times to come (Grumbine et al 2013).

Water usage in different areas, in particular, industrial purposes, has to be appraised and also assessed properly to understand if the available water is being used in a proper way and in an efficient manner (Grumbine et al 2013). Projects have to be structured that would give incentives to efficient and economic use of water. Local irrigation patterns and infrastructure has to be reinforced.

Importance of Urban Water Management

Intricate and minute planning has to be done that would ensure water resources management and proper use of the same. Given the fact that water situation in India is always poor and the condition is only projected to worsen due to climate change and other problems, it is only logical to plan water resource projects with efficiency benchmarks that can be prescribed in different situations (Grumbine et al 2013). Water resources are by nature inter-disciplinary, which means that the projects have to be planned with keeping in mind both the environmental as well as the social perspectives and contemporary social structure of the country. While designing the projects, it has to look into so that every stakeholder of the project is befitted and not adversely affected. If the projects are not completed in time, there is a heavy chance for the project to start incurring a loss, both environmental and social and hence the projects must be made time bound. To avoid any sort of time or cost over-runs, central and local government interventions have to be done (Grumbine et al 2013). Every water resources projects, as well as, hydropower projects, has to be planned in a way that would make it feasible for those to serve as multi-purpose projects and provide provisions for storage to generate maximum advantage from the existing topology and water resources.

India has future water resources management plans that would be aimed at ushering in a socio-economic and environmental condition that would ensure every citizen and every region. By 2020, the country will be adopting a range of projects implement plans that would be tackling the issues of drought and flood in a much more efficient manner (Grumbine et al 2013). These projects also include planning and designing for structures that prevent soil erosions caused by rivers or other water bodies. With a changing climate, this would become increasingly important every day. Efficiently forecasting flood situations can help immensely while planning for water resources management (Gleick2014). The projects that would be undertaken by the government, would not only be focused on making sure everyone has access to drinking water but would also aim to ensure usable water and seek to improve the sanitation and sewage scenario in the country as well. Urban domestic water usage would then be drastically improved and be readily available by everyone.

The National Water Policy of 2012 is not a temporal policy of the Government of India; rather, it aims to create a sustainable condition for the country so that the future generations and the country as a whole benefit from the policy. The policy also serves as a background for future policies and wishes to point towards the direction that the next policies should take.

The case study is all about the historical water problem in Gujarat and the case study signifies the water-related problems in Gujarat. Development of state and increase situation for the rural sections in Gujarat is depending on the implement of water treatment that imposed over it(Un.Org. 2017). There are certain technological innovations also for the development of the state. State Wide Water Grid and Micro Water Harvesting are the technological intervention that has implemented in Gujarat.

Gujarat is in a critical situation as the 6.39% of nation’s geographical area and almost 2.28% is the only water resource that has found in this state. The state has an annual rainfall of 80 cm and that also vary in some sections(Un.Org. 2017). The state has only eight perennial rivers out of 185 rivers and all these rivers are situated in the southern part Gujarat. Before2001, drinking water availability and a population of Gujarat is the major problem for the state and central government as the supply of drinking water is delivered by the water trains and road tankers. The amount of scarcity and the harmonious social effect is implemented in that context and that has created “Water Riots” in Gujarat. Over conscripting of groundwater caused thoughtful water eminence glitches owed to extreme fluoride, salinity, and nitrate. The amount of fluoride pretentious abode augmented from 2,826 in the year 1992 to 4,187 by the year 2003(Un.Org. 2017). Dental Fluorosis is the permanent pigment that children are having in their teeth and experience due to the problem for the children is the major concern for the development of the nation. There is some technological initiation has taken by the government and for that reason, both these theories are imposed over the water supply development(Un.Org. 2017). 

Evaluation of supply line and drinking water problem is the major case in this situation that justified the water-related case study in Gujarat and state that what successful measurements have taken place in this situation for the development of Gujarat. Solar pumps have also been custom-built in 260 villages in the Government sections and about 200 more solar impelling arrangements will be mounted in the near future(Un.Org. 2017). In numerous parts of the State, counting with coastal and ancestral areas, rooftop rainwater gathering constructions have also been occupied up in public constructions, schools, and individual domestic level, which is also subsequent in considerable energy investments as all these powers also related with the water management and scheme. Drinking water supply from the bankers and trains are the best way to have safe and secure surface water and also influence the technological intervention of reverse osmosis for the non-fluoridation program(Un.Org. 2017). The environment, health sectors and economic factor of the state all these are inter-related and for that reason of the technological enhancement and the development for water availability, all these sections are needed to be highlighted due to that reason. Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board 2009 have formed and for that reason, drinking water supply and safe surface water deliverance have boosted a bit. Most of the areas are pipe covered and for the reason, underground water directly connected to each household. This is the innovative change that Gujarat government has done in recent past and that also encourage the water supply of Gujarat.

A new water governance model of Water and Sanitation Management Organization (WASMO) in Gujarat empowers the village level building and proactive capability. In this inception, WASMO has turned on some effective changes through the water supply program and for the implementation of the program; almost 16,740 villages are having water resources. More than 6500 villages have already started water conservation process and for that reason, water bodies are getting affected and community of decentralization program also strengthens. WASMO has a strong partnership with government and for that reason, rural community and their government bonding have effected in the operation(Un.Org. 2017). Certain innovative mechanism and policy-making the decision is implemented in the rural areas in Gujarat and United Nations Public Service Award in the category of the water sector and safety process were given to Gujarat as well. There is certain proposed transfer process in between the Narmada and multi-state river valley policy also reflects the agricultural production and supply of drinking water in the scarcity-hit areas in Gujarat(Un.Org. 2017).

Therefore, most of the innovative thinking and their projected implementation is the key success factor for the Gujarat enhancement in terms of water safety and security. Micro water harvesting, Hydropower involvement, Drip irrigation from Gujarat Green Revolution Company limited, Jyotigram Scheme for the technological initiative in the power sector and the River conservation process of water resources all these are the evaluative aspects for Gujarat and for that reason the greening sector of Gujarat and increasing flow in groundwater level in Gujarat is the concern issue for the government (Mohan, Shantha and Sailen 2015). Government is quite happy to implement that opportunity for the people in Gujarat and boost up the rural economy of Gujarat. Agricultural performance and improvement in Animal husbandry are maintaining their unstitch graph and that has made a huge impact on the Economic growth practice in Gujarat (Mehta et al. 2014). Improvement in drinking water facility and emerging situation in agricultural enhancement situation s the key aspect for Gujarat as the government is stepping forward in the participation program and due to that program irrigation water supply and drinking water distribution is maintained in a systematic way.

Conclusion

Therefore, above the above findings, it can be concluded that India has an immense water problem and the problem is being enormous when a number of people have got infected for that reason. Most of the people in India have to suffer by water quite a few times and the significant reason behind is the water-related disease like diarrhea and all. There are some significant steps that Indian Government has taken for the development of water and their supply process. But most of the processes are not implemented properly as the level of involvement was not taken by the government officials. Though in this modern politics, the sociological image of India is very good in terms of managing the adverse situation. Thus their involvement and transitional level must be improved and some of the recommendations processes need to be implemented for the development of water management as well as the nation’s economy. The Indian government has set some long term and short term goals and these goals have been set for the adoption of water and their technical assistance and that signifies the environmental change in terms of encouraging the water management. In response to the high demand for water, most of the water what people has for the intake reason is the contaminated one and this is the reason behind the increased mortality rate due to water. In this report, all these water problems in the urban area, as well as the rural area, has discussed and including these facts, Indian National Water Policy 2012 has also been discussed. The report also highlights a case study related to the successful response to water challenge and for that reason, a big impact on the water management and their stated clause has discussed. Most of the times the water management establishment and improvement is depending on better planning and programs and these can be undermined by the government for the improvement of better water conservation and uses for different purposes. 

In short-term goals irrigation infrastructure and the better technological assessment is the basic issue that government has looked for. Over sighting of transparency is another quality recommendation that proposed by the government and price of water is maintained for that reason. Technological assessment and increase of groundwater level are important is another key recommendation that government has set as short-term goals and these implemented programs are creating relief for the development of agricultural, industrial and amenities process. In case of setting long-term goals increase of per capita water demand is needed as in 2050, the expected population for the region is 1.6 billion and this is the most challenging situation as this country thus for mitigating of this situation sustainable water distribution is required. There are some limitations that have taken care of the central and state government in together, in that case, their collaboration and infrastructure is the concern issue for the sectional people. If proper water distribution is maintained then only this situation can be controlled.

Thus the situation is quite clear when an amount of fresh water is very less and for that reason, water conservation and their implementation is very important to provide sustainable development of the nation. In terms of increased water availability consumption of fresh water and the reduction of carbon footprint in the water supply is important. That actually determines the situation of India and the need of drinking water for the sustainable condition of the nation.

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